Sub-barrier fusion

Satchler 1991 Reisdorf 1994). For the calculations of sub-barrier fusion cross sections, the computer code CCDEF (Fernandez-Niello et al. 1989) is widely used in which the influence of the static deformation of the colliding nuclei as well as the inelastic coupling to collective excited levels is considered. 

Gaggeler, H., Sikkeland, T., Wirth, G., Briichle, W., Bogl, W., Franz, G., Herrmann, G., Kratz, J.V., Schadel, M., Siimmerer, K, Weber, W. Probing sub-barrier fusion and extrapush by measuring fermium evaporation residues in different heavy ion reactions. Z. Phys. A316, 291-307 (1984)... 

Zagrebaev, V.I. Sequential fusion sub-barrier fusion enhancement due to neutron transfer. 

In the production of heavy transuranium nuclei with heavy ions, additional factors that enhance or decrease the yields of transuranium products should be considered. They are fusion enhancement at sub-barrier energy and dynamical hindrance to fusion. 

Aguiar, C.E., Barbosa, V.C., Canto, L.F., Donangelo, R. Liquid-drop model description of heavy ion fusion at sub-barrier energies. Nucl. Phys. A472, 571-590 (1987)... 

Udagawa, T., Naito, M., Kim, B.T. Systematics of sub- and near-barrier fusion cross sections and the threshold anomaly. Phys. Rev. C45, 876-879 (1992)... 

There are different techniques to overcome the cell membrane barrier and introduce exogenous impermeable compounds, such as dyes, DNA, proteins, and amino acids into the ceU. Some of the methods include lipofection, fusion of cationic liposome, electroporation, microinjection, optoporation, electroinjection, and biolistics. Electroporation has the advantage of being a noncontact method for transient permeabilization of cells (Olofsson et al., 2003). In contrast to microinjection techniques for single cells and single nuclei (Capecchi, 1980), the electroporation technique can be applied to biological containers of sub-femtoliter volumes, that are less than a few micrometers in diameter. Also, it can be extremely fast and well-timed (Kinosita et al., 1988 Hibino et al., 1991), which is of importance in studying fast-reaction phenomena (Ryttsen et aL, 2000). 

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