Structural linguistics

Structural linguistics deals with how langui es are built and ordered into rules for communication. This subdiscipline, a basis for scientific research, clinical studies, sociological explorations, or scholarly pursuits, focuses on how speech is physically produced. Structural linguistics involves acoustic features, the comparison of different languages, grammatical concepts, sentence construction, vocabulary function, and other analytical aspects of language. 

Stalinist years, the nation s greatest writers were cleansed and re-canonized in manic, state-sponsored Jubilees (the centennial of Tolstoy s birth in 1928, of Pushkin s death in 1937). Such cults could also develop around Russian critics. When Roman Jakobson (1896-1982), in voluntary exile since 1920, was permitted to re-visit his birthplace in 1956, he was received rapturously - as a structural linguist, certainly, but even more as a celebrity, a thinker who had returned to Russia from the land of the dead, proving that Russia was not dead to the rest of the world. 

The learning element consists of a Performance Index (PI) table combined with a rule generation and modification algorithm, which creates new rules, or modifies existing ones. The structure of a SOFLC is shown in Figure 10.17. With SOFLC it is usual to express the PI table and rulebase in numerical, rather than linguistic format. So, for... 

Many researchers have recognized the importance of having an unambiguous grammar for chemical notation, but they have mainly applied WLN [8] to on-line compound search [9] and structural summary (identification of common structural features) [10]. Johns and Clare point out that it is a linguistic rather than merely a symbolic notation. This means that the symbols are represented and manipulated in well defined structures. This section relies on the unambiguousness of WLN to recognize parent molecules while Section 5 relies on the WLN rules to actually manipulate symbol structures. 

My experiments had consisted of having observed that the spontaneous glos-solalia that DMT caused in myself sometimes triggered a kind of seizure of synesthesia in which syntactical structures, spoken language, actually became visible. Some effect such as this may have been behind my rooftop experience in Nepal. Unusual linguistic and vocal displays seem to typify DMT intoxication.]... 

Biber, D. Conrad, S. Reppen, R. Corpus Linguistics Investigating Structure and Use Cambridge University Press Cambridge, U.K., 1998. 

Not surprisingly, manufacturers have taken great pains in product marketing to use statements that qualify as structure/function claims, not as health claims. This often requires linguistic agility. A manufacturer of saw palmetto, for example, cannot claim that its product prevents prostate cancer, but can say instead that the product helps maintain prostate function. Manufacturers must also include a disclaimer that the claim has not been evaluated by the FDA and that the product is not intended to treat, cure, or prevent any disease. 

It might seem there is an easy way to escape the dilemma. Instead of saying with blob realism that there is no inherent structure, we might say that there are infinitely many structures. Organization consists in selecting from these structures, and codifying the selected structures conceptually and linguistically. Since there are structures in reality one can select from, there are constraints. So we have freedom... 

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