Strong ionic binding

Our main conclusion is that cations complexe to a significant amount the negative groups exposed on the outer membrane surface of thylakoids. Strong ionic binding would also greatly reduced the development of any surface transmembrane potential in either dark or light conditions. 

Figure 9.3 shows the relationship between ionic radius and proton affinity in a graphical way for monatomic ions having a — 1 charge. It is clear that to a good approximation there is a correlation between the size of the anion and its proton affinity. While this is in no way a detailed study, it is clear that the smaller (and thus harder] the negative ion (with the same type of structure) the more strongly it binds a proton. 

The strong interaction of dextran sulfates with cationic functions in porous support materials is exploited to create new highly charged surfaces for adsorption of proteins. It was revealed that new and strong ionic exchange resins are accessible by simple and rapid deposition of dextran sulfates on commercial DEAE- or MANAE-agarose. The material is characterised by an increased charge density on the porous surface of the support, which can perfectly bind protein material, as demonstrated in Fig. 15 [153]. 

As the sialyl group of the substrate binds to the active site, it undergoes a ting distortion probably due to the strong ionic interactions between the carboxylate of the substrate and the three guanidinium groups of arginines 116, 292, and 374. 

Several methods revealed that PECs between strong polyelectrolytes have a 1 1 end point stoichiometry and also a 1 1 stoichiometry of ionic binding under full release of the low molecular counterions at nonstoichiometric mixing ratios. However, it remains an open question whether the major component in such systems is bound in excess in the PEC structures, giving them a net excess charge. To solve this problem, viscometry, analytical or preparative ultracentrifugation, and fractionation techniques in combination with analyzing methods can be employed. 

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