Stress in atherosclerosis

Fig. 6. Structures of two arachidonic acid derivatives proposed to play important roles in thrombosis and atherogenesis. Thromboxane Aj is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation that contributes to acute thrombosis in advanced atherosclerosis in vivo. The isoprostane S-iso-PGFj is being investigated as a marker of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis and may also have direct atherogenic effects on platelets and smooth muscle cells.

Harrison D, Griendling KK, Landmesser U, Hornig B, Drexler H. Role of oxidative stress in atherosclerosis. Am J Cardiol 2003 91(3A) 7A-11A. 

There is increased reactive carbonyl compound (RCO) with attendant protein modification (carbonyl stress) in atherosclerosis carbonyl stress might be derived from hyperglycemia (and lipedemia), oxidative stress, and/or impaired detoxification of RCO (423). 

Patients with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are prone to complications. The specific chronic diabetic complications are due to microangiopathy and include neuropathy, retinopathy and nephropathy. Recent data stress the vital role of hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress in their pathophysiology. Premature atherosclerosis (which can be considered... 

P Pignatelli, A. Ghiselli, B. Buchetti, R. Camevale, F. Natella, G. Germane, F. Fimognari, S. Di Santo, L. Lenti, F. Violi (2006) Polyphenols synergistically inhibit oxidative stress in subjects given red and white wine. Atherosclerosis, 188,77-83. 

Victor, V.M., N. Apostolova, R. Herance, A. Hemandez-Mijares, and M. Rocha. 2009. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in atherosclerosis Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants as potential therapy. CurmntMeScinMChen 16 4654—67. 

Dordevic, V.B., T. Cvetkovic, M. Deljanin-Ilic, et al., 2006. The interaction between oxidative stress and biomarkers of inflammation in atherosclerosis. Jugos. Medicinska Biohemija, 25(4) 335-341. 

The potency of antioxidants to inhibit LDL oxidation in vitro does not correlate with their potency to reduce atherosclerosis in vivo. If functions of antioxidants are due to the protection of LDL from oxidation, water-soluble antioxidants, which are unable to adhere to LDL, may be disadvantageous to protect LDL from oxidation in the subendothelial space. However, epidemiological and animal studies have shown that maiQr water-solifole antioxidants, such as flavonoids, reduce atherosclerosis (5). It is likely that water-soluble antioxidants reduce atherosclerosis by preventing the loss of endogenous lipophilic antioxidants in LDL (mainly a-tocopherol) (11,12). These antioxidants may also prevent endothelial injury causing dyslipidemia and oxidative stress in the circulation. 

---