Streptomyces violaceoruber

Ichinose, K., D.J. Bedford, D. Tornus, A. Bechthold, M J. Bibb, W. P. Revill, H. G. Floss, D. A. Hop-wood (1998). The granaticin biosynthetic gene cluster of Streptomyces violaceoruber T022 sequence analysis and expression in a heterologous host. Manuscript in preparation. 

Callens, M., Kersters-Hilderson, H., Van Opstal, 0., De Brayne, C. K. (1988). Catalytic properties of D-xylose isomerase from Streptomyces violaceoruber. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 5(11), 696-700. 

Naja naja venom Bee venom Porcine pancreas Bovine pancreas Streptomyces violaceoruber LPC,LPE and egg yolk PC C18 2 70 mM LPC and 700 mM oleic acid were dispersed in the 150 ml dehydrated toluene followed by adding lyoplulized 4.5 U PLA2 at 37°Cfor24h. 6.5 P. Pemas et al. (1990) ref. 6. 

Porcine pancreatic PLA2 is the most widely used enzyme in hydrolysis and in synthesis. Utilization of PLA2 from venom (snake or bee) or microbial PLA2 (Streptomyces violaceoruber) for esterification of LPC and FFA has been reported in only one study [6]. In addition, lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LPE) was used as a substrate for PE synthesis [10], although bee venom PLA2 did not promote esterification. 

Porcine pancreatic PLA2 has seven disulfide bonds [24] in its enzyme protein, whereas microbial PLA2 (e.g., Streptomyces violaceoruber A-2688) has only two disulfide bonds [25]. Microbial PLA2 may show different characteristics on esterification and acidolysis. 

The final step in a total synthesis of methylenomycin A (4), an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces violaceoruber, involved selective opening of the lactone ring of 3. A wide variety of methods were unsuccessful, but reaction of 2 with this reagent in HMPT led directly to 4 in 68% yield. The lactone ring is cleaved and then CH3SH is eliminated. ... 

Actinorhodin (ACT) belongs to a class of aromatic antibiotics (benzoisochromane-quinones, BIQs), and is a red pigment produced by 5. coelicolor A3(2), with weak bacteriostatic activity against Staphylococcus aureus [182]. The BIQ antibiotics showed a trans confguration with respect to the C-3 and C-15 chiral centers (35,15R or 3R,155). ACT represents the former type the opposite stereochemistty is exemplified by granaticin (GRA) produced by Streptomyces violaceoruber (Figure 6.38) [183]. 

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