Stopping power positrons

Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons, ICRU Report 37 International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Bethesda, MD, 1984. 

ICRU Report 37, Stopping powers for electrons and positrons , Bethesda, Maryland, 1984... 

Mozumder, A. Fundamentals of Radiation Chemistry, Academic Press San Diego, 1999. Watanabe, T. Shimamura, I. Karashima, S. Takahashi, T. In CRC—Handbook of Radiation Chemistry, Tabata, Y. Itoh, Y., Tagawa, S., Eds. CRC Press Boca Raton, 1991 47 pp. Stopping powers for Electrons and Positrons, ICRU Report 37, International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Bethesda, 1984. 

The total stopping power for electrons is the sum of collision and radiative stopping powers, as described in O Chap. 6 in this Volume. These quantities have been tabulated in the ICRU Report 37 for electrons and positrons (ICRU 1989a). The total stopping power for protons, alpha particles (helium ions) and heavy ions is the sum of collision (atomic) and nuclear stopping powers, the latter being important only at low energies. 

ICRU International Commission on Radiation Units and Measures, Stopping Powers for Electrons and Positrons, Report No. 37 (1984). H.H. Heckman and P.J. Lindstrom, Phys. Rev. Lett. 22 (1969) 871. 

Berger, M. )., Coursey, J. S, Zucker, M. A., and Chang,)., Stopping-Power and Range Tables for Electrons, Positrons, and Helium Ions, Version 1.2.3, (http //www.nist.gov/pml/data/star/index.cfm), 2005. 

The nucleons consist mainly of photons, electrons, and positrons, and compose about 10 percent of the cosmic radiation at sea level. A fraction of muons and nucleons are absorbed while traversing the atmosphere. Variations in absorber thickness (air mass) are proportional to variations in barometric pressure. The absorption length for cosmic-ray muons at sea level in the atmosphere is 4,000 g/cm (Cocconl, 1951), and for cosmic nucleons, 120 g/cm (Hayakawa, 1969). Thus, it is clear that muons have significantly higher penetrating power than nucleons, about 33 times in the air. The probability of absorption rapidly increases with the atomic number, Z. In terms of lead shielding, these muons can penetrate a meter or more, while nucleons can be stopped in several inches of lead. 

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