Stiffening damage

In most individuals, the systolic pressure increases sharply with age, whereas the diastolic pressure increases until about age 55 years and then declines. Older individuals with an elevated systolic pressure have a condition known as isolated systolic hypertension (ISH). When the systolic pressure is high, blood vessels become less flexible and stiffen, leading to cardiovascular disease and kidney damage. Research indicates that treating ISH saves lives and reduces illness. The treatment is the same for ISH as for other forms of hypertension. 

Phillips HJ, Shenoi RA, Moss CE, Damage mechanics of top-hat stiffeners used in FRP ship constmction, Marine Structures, 12, 1999, 1-19. 

Rhodes. M. D.. Williams, J. G.. and Starnes, J. H, (1976). Effect of low velocity impact damage on the compressive strength of graphitc-epoxy hat-stiffened panels. Report N.AS.A TM X-73988 (TN D-8411). December 1976. 

Belts Layers of textile or steel wire lying under the tread and serving to stiffen the casing, thereby allowing improved wear performance and handling response, better damage resistance, and protection of the ply cords from road hazards. 

Wiggenrad JEM, Zhang X, Davies GAO. Impact damage prediction and failure analysis of heavily loaded, blade-stiffened composite wing panels. Compos Struct 1990 45(2) ... 

Davies GAO, Zhang X. Predicting impact damage of stiffened compression panels. 

Tsutsui H, Kawamata A, Sanda T, Takeda N. Detection of impact damage of stiffened composite panels using embedded smaU-diameter optical fibers. Smart Mater Struct 2004 13(6) 1284-90. http //dx.doi.Org/10.1088/0964-1726/13/6/002. 

R Jones, L Molent, J Paul, T Saunders and W K Chiu, Development of a composite repair and the associated inspection intervals for the FlllC stiffener runout region , FAA/NASA International Symposium on Advanced Structural Integrity Methods for Airframes Durability and Damage Tolerance, May 1994, pp 339-350. 

Figure 1.8 Localized damage in an isogrid stiffened composite subjected to impact energy of 193 J. Source [19] Reproduced with permission from Elsevier...

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