Stereoselective solvent dependence

Most of these results have been obtained in methanol but some of them can be extrapolated to other solvents, if the following solvent effects are considered. Bromine bridging has been shown to be hardly solvent-dependent.2 Therefore, the selectivities related to this feature of bromination intermediates do not significantly depend on the solvent. When the intermediates are carbocations, the stereoselectivity can vary (ref. 23) widely with the solvent (ref. 24), insofar as the conformational equilibrium of these cations is solvent-dependent. Nevertheless, this equilibration can be locked in a nucleophilic solvent when it nucleophilically assists the formation of the intermediate. Therefore, as exemplified in methylstyrene bromination, a carbocation can react 100 % stereoselectivity. 

The stereoselectivity of the Wittig reaction is believed to be the result of steric effects that develop as the ylide and carbonyl compound approach one another. The three phenyl substituents on phosphorus impose large steric demands that govern the formation of the diastereomeric adducts.240 Reactions of unstabilized phosphoranes are believed to proceed through an early TS, and steric factors usually make these reactions selective for the d.v-alkcnc.241 Ultimately, however, the precise stereoselectivity is dependent on a number of variables, including reactant structure, the base used for ylide formation, the presence of other ions, solvent, and temperature.242... 

When the kinetics indicate that there is competition between bridged and open cations, neither the solvent-dependent stereoselectivity, nor the... 

In agreement with other processes occurring through carbocations, elimination and transposition reactions can compete with the addition process which also depend on solvent. Finally, solvent properties can affect the stereochemical course of the addition reactions for example, the stereoselectivity of bromine addition to cis- and /r[Pg.392]

The beneficial effect of added phosphine on the chemo- and stereoselectivity of the Sn2 substitution of propargyl oxiranes is demonstrated in the reaction of substrate 27 with lithium dimethylcyanocuprate in diethyl ether (Scheme 2.9). In the absence of the phosphine ligand, reduction of the substrate prevailed and attempts to shift the product ratio in favor of 29 by addition of methyl iodide (which should alkylate the presumable intermediate 24 [8k]) had almost no effect. In contrast, the desired substitution product 29 was formed with good chemo- and anti-stereoselectivity when tri-n-butylphosphine was present in the reaction mixture [25, 31]. Interestingly, this effect is strongly solvent dependent, since a complex product mixture was formed when THF was used instead of diethyl ether. With sulfur-containing copper sources such as copper bromide-dimethyl sulfide complex or copper 2-thiophenecarboxylate, however, addition of the phosphine caused the opposite effect, i.e. exclusive formation of the reduced allene 28. Hence the course and outcome of the SN2 substitution show a rather complex dependence on the reaction partners and conditions, which needs to be further elucidated. 

I. Solvent-Dependent, Kinetically Controlled Stereoselective Synthesis of 3- and 4-Thioglycosides... 

The neighboring group participation mechanism requires two conditions a neighboring ester group and traas-configmation. For example, in the course of 3- and 4-thioglycoside synthesis, a solvent-dependent kinetically controlled stereoselective mechanism was found (Figure 8). 

Figure 8. Solvent-dependent kinetically controlled stereoselective mechanism a) kinetic control in toluene b) neighboring group participation in DMF.

In the protonation of nitronate ion 44d, a solvent dependence of the stereoselectivity was found. Alcohols gave the highest selectivities [20, 40]... 

Reduction of 3-trimethyls1lyl-2-propyn-l-ol exemplifies the problem of stereoselectivity in hydride reduction of acetylenic alcohols to E-allyl alcohols.4 Early reports5 that lithium aluminum hydride stereoselectively reduced acetylenic alcohols gave way to closer scrutiny which revealed a striking solvent dependence of the stereochemistry. Specifically, the... 

Acid-catalyzed photohydration of styrenes19 and additions to cyclohexenes20 leading exclusively to the Markovnikov products are also possible. Sensitized photoaddition, in contrast, results in products from anti-Markovnikov addition. The process is a photoinduced electron transfer21 taking place usually in polar solvents.22,23 Enantiodifferentiating addition in nonpolar solvents has been reported.24 The addition of MeOH could be carried out in a stereoselective manner to achieve solvent-dependent product distribution 25... 

S. Hasbimoto, M. Hayashi, and R. Noyori, Glycosylation using glucopyranosyl fluorides and silicon-based catalysts. Solvent dependency of the stereoselection, Tetrahedron Lett. 25 1379 (1984). 

A solvent-dependent product distribution for iron-catalyzed dihydroxylation with N3Py-derived ligands was reported by Feringa and coworkers [72]. In acetonitrile, stereoselective ds-dihydroxylation was observed. On the other hand, acetone gave rise to trans-diols, thereby indicating that the choice of solvent determines the mechanism and hence the outcome of this reaction [72]. 

Since the sulfide substituents can be removed reductively, the cyclisations of 273 and 276 are synthetically equivalent to cyclisations onto disubstituted double bonds, giving compounds such as 275.142>143 Like the corresponding cyclisations onto monosubstituted alkenes they are highly stereoselective, with the sense of stereoselectivity being solvent-dependent the products 274 and 277 are trans as shown for a cyclisation conducted in THF in pentane complete cis selectivity is obtained. Similar cyclisations onto vinyl sulfides have been used to explore the stereochemical course of the anionic cyclisation reaction, and are discussed below.146... 

Krief and coworkers have also shown that vinyl sulphides are useful traps for the intramolecular carbolithiation reactions. Interestingly, as the sulphide substituent can be reductively removed, the cyclization reactions of benzyllithiums derived from 73 and 75 are synthetically equivalents to cyclizations onto disubstituted double bonds, giving rise by complementary routes to compound 74 (Scheme 20)46. Like the corresponding carbolithiation reactions onto monosubstituted alkenes they are highly stereoselective but dependent on the solvent used, i.e. the derivatives in which the methyl- and the phenylthio groups are cis (THF) or trans (pentane) one to the other are selectively formed. 

Addition to -alkylthio-a., -enones. The stereochemistry of conjugate addition-elimination of organocupratcs with (E)-p-alkylthienones react with R.CuLi with retention in either ether or THE, a mixture of (E)- and (Z)-alkylthio-a.p-enoncs can be converted into the same stereoisomer by reaction with R CuLi in ether. 

For electrophilic additions of halogens to alkenes, not only is the reaction rate strongly solvent-dependent [79-81] [cf. Eq. (5-29) in Section 5.3.2), but the stereochemical course may also be affected by the polarity of the medium [79, 386-388], For example, the stereoselectivity of bromine addition to cis- and trans -stilbene according to Eq. (5-140) has been found to be solvent-dependent, as shown in Table 5-23 [79, 386],... 

Kise and coworkers found an efficient intramolecular hydrodimerization of aromatic diimines using a lead cathode providing 1,4-diazacrown ethers, as in Eq. (24) [186,187]. The stereoselectivity greatly depended on the ring size of the products and solvents used. 

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