Step-wise modulation

To illustrate the multitudes of possible modulations, the top row of Fig. 4.86 illustrates five segments that can be linked and repeated for modnlation of the temperature. Examples of quasi-isothermal sinusoidal and step-wise modulations are... 

The models or modules run concurrent or step-wise sequential. 

The interaction patterns described in the last paragraph are convenient means for a step-wise and additive understanding of molecular recognition processes within supramolecular assemblies. A simple interpretation of cooperative effects would merely consider the action of various attractive interactions at the same time. However, thinking within additive individual contacts silently assumes that the interaction strength is not modulated by the presence of other contacts or even other atoms, which are not involved in such contacts. Thus, the central difficulty, which is associated with the problem that the interactions within a supramolecular assembly cannot be decomposed into single contacts with individual interaction energies, is to account for these cooperative effects. 

Tlie application of helical diffraction theory in combination with experiments on suitably oriented molecules allows us to introduce a step wise fitting procedure with which we first can use knowledge of the basic cylindrical structure of the molecule, then add the Bessel function terms relating to the modulations on the cylindrical surface. The next step is to compare these data with solution scattering patterns in order to be able to deconvolute the equatorial and layer line intensities. Once this model is completed the positions of the dimers in the microtubule wall will be known and the scattering parameters obtained from the known dimer structure can... 

Ultimately, the PSA cycle proceeds with the following steps co-current blowdown (CD) to recover the residual amount of A that was pushed to the end of the bed during the HPA step counter-current blowdown (BD) and purge (PG) to recover species B and to regenerate the bed for the next cycle. During these steps, the membrane module operates with the other PSA bed. Although the operation of each bed is batch-wise, the system as a whole is a continuous one that is operated under cyclic steady-state conditions. Unlike conventional membrane operation, in which the pressures are kept constant, here the permeation occurs cyclically due to its coupling to the PSA cycle. 

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