Stenosis Vascular

It provides detailed information on cardiac structure (atrial and ventricular cavity dimensions, areas, volumes, wall thickness, and mass), cardiac function (systolic and diastolic, right and left ventricular wall motion, fractional shortening and ejection fraction, global and regional, and preload and afterload), valvular disease (structure, function, and degree of regurgitation or stenosis), vascular structures, and hemodynamic data. 

Heiserman JE, Drayer BP, Keller PJ, Fram EK. Intracranial vascular stenosis and occlusion evaluation with three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography. Radiology 1992 185 667-673. 

L Liter MVS mitral valve stenosis motor, vascular, and sensory... 

Growing clinical data also points to the importance of IL-8 in atherogenesis. IL-8 has been found in atheromatous lesions from patients with atherosclerotic disease including carotid artery stenosis (103), CAD (118), abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) (103,104,114), and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (104). Furthermore, studies using plaque explant samples have yielded more direct evidence for IL-8 involvement. Media from cultured AAA tissue induced IL-8-dependent human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) chemotaxis (122). Homocysteine, implicated as a possible biomarker for CAD, is also capable of inducing IL-8 (123-125) by direct stimulation of endothelial cells (123,124) and monocytes (125). When patients with hyperhomocysteinemia were treated with low-dose folic acid, decreases in homocysteine levels correlated with decreases in IL-8 levels (126). Statins significantly decrease serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1, as well as expression of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 mRNA by peripheral blood monocytes and HUVECs (127). Thus, IL-8 may be an underappreciated factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. 

Seo HS, Lombardi DM, Polinsky P, et al. Peripheral vascular stenosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice—potential roles of lipid deposition, medial atrophy, and adventitial inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 1997 17(12) 3593—3601. 

However, we have no data to support the concept of prolonged (>l year) dual antiplatelet treatment except in patients who underwent vascular brachytherapy for in-stent re-stenosis. Due to the lack of re-endothelialization, this small group of patients should receive the dual treatment for life (49,50). 

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) inevitably causes extensive denudation of the vascular endothelium at the stenosis site, In animal models of stent placement, re-endothelialization begins to occur in the first two to seven days postplacement, Full re-endothelialization of the stent takes three or four weeks, This process has been called stent passivation, It is thought that a similar or longer time course occurs in humans, although this has been difficult to quantify from the rarity of available autopsy specimens from patients poststent insertion (3), In animals, endothelial dysfunction is seen up to three months poststenting (4),... 

Due to the very low event rates in patients with asymptomatic lesions of moderate severity (<60% diameter stenosis), it is unknown whether currently available interventional techniques can improve long-term outcomes over those achievable with optimal medical management. Also unresolved are the indications for carotid stenting in asymptomatic individuals with contralateral carotid occlusion (53) and those undergoing major cardiac or vascular surgery (54). 

Ribeiro PA, al Zaibag M, Abdullah M. Pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance before and after mitral balloon valvotomy in 100 patients with severe mitral valve stenosis. Am Heart J 1993 125(4) I I 10-1114. 

Li DY, Toland AE, Boak BB, Atkinson DL, Ensing GJ, Morris CA, Keating MT. Elastin point mutations cause an obstructive vascular disease, supravalvular aortic stenosis. Hum Mol Genet 1997 6(7) 1021-1028. 

Quality standards for diagnosis of stenosis are set by catheter DSA, and noninvasive methods have to be compared with these. In the majority of cerebrovascular diseases, however, invasive methods are no longer indicated and are replaced by MRA or CT angiography, respectively. To assure an optimal therapy of stroke, vascular imaging has to provide answers to a number of clinical questions ... 

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