Steel process energy

The most efficient processes in Table I are for steel and alumintim, mainly because these metals are produced in large amounts, and much technological development has been lavished on them. Magnesium and titanium require chloride intermediates, decreasing their efficiencies of production lead, copper, and nickel require extra processing to remove unwanted impurities. Sulfide ores produce sulfur dioxide (SO2), a pollutant, which must be removed from smokestack gases. For example, in copper production the removal of SO, and its conversion to sulfuric acid adds up to 8(10) JA g of additional process energy consumption. In aluminum production disposal of waste ciyolite must be controlled because of possible fiuoride contamination. 

J. F. Magallanes and C. Vazquez, Automatic classification of steels by processing energy-dispersive X-ray spectra with artificial neural networks, J. Chem. Inf. Comput. Sci., 38(4), 1998, 605-609. 

Justify your answer During the burning process, energy is released and also the steel wool is lighter. 

Classification of Steels by Processing Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectra with Artificial Neural... 

Nakanishi K, Fujii T, Szekely J (1975) Possible relationship between energy dissipation and agitation in steel-processing operations. Ironmaking Steelmaking 2(3) 193-199... 

The original hot carbonate process developed by the U.S. Bureau of Mines was found to be corrosive to carbon steel (55). Various additives have been used in order to improve the mass transfer rate as well as to inhibit corrosion. Vetrocoke, Carsol, Catacarb, Benfteld, and Lurgi processes are all activated carbonate processes. Improvements in additives and optimization of operation have made activated carbonate processes competitive with activated MDEA and nonaqueous solvent based systems. Typical energy requirements are given in Table 9. 

Arc wire utilizes two continuously fed 1.6-mm dia intersecting wires with a d-c arc maintained between the wire tips as they meet. Compressed gas (usually air) strips the molten metal from the tips and forms a directional spray stream. This process is widely used to spray most metals. Arc wire is the most economical process because of the wire feedstock. Moreover, it utilizes - 10% of the thermal energy of the other spray processes (0.4 vs 6.6 kWh/kg using stainless steel) because of the direct arc heating of the wire tips. 

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