Steady-state conditions changes affecting

It is desirable to "decouple" the system so that each manipulated variable appears to affect only one of the output variables. This requires a matrix upstream of the process which, in response to a change in only one of its input signals, will manipulate all the actual process inputs simultaneously so that only the desired output signal changes. If decoupling is to be accomplished only at steady state conditions this matrix is a set of constants. However, if decoupling is required during transient operation the matrix must contain dynamic transfer functions, some of which may not be physically realizable. 

The choice of flow rates in perfusion experiments is an important consideration as it may affect hydrodynamics [35], ABL thickness [30], intestinal radius [34], intestinal surface area [45], and time to reach steady-state conditions [32], all of which can impact on Peff estimates. The intestinal radius has implications for the estimation of the permeability coefficient. The most widely used estimate for the rat intestinal radius is 0.18 cm [34], These authors found that there was a small change in intra-luminal pressure with an increase in flow... 

The tubular reactor can be an empty vessel if no catalyst is used. If a solid catalyst is required, the vessel is packed with catalyst, either in a bed or inside tubes. The dynamic behavior of the reactor is significantly affected by the presence of catalyst in the reactor because the thermal capacitance of the catalyst is usually greater than that of the process fluid, particularly if the system is gas-phase. The temperatures of both the process fluid and the catalyst change with time. Of course, under steady-state conditions, the two temperatures are equal at any axial position. 

The operation of a semiconductor photoelectrode is influenced by both intensive and extensive properties. Fundamentally, sustained photoelectrochemical conversion is a process that works not at equilibrium but rather under (ideally) steady-state conditions. Accordingly, intensity and type of illumination can greatly affect the behavior of a given semiconductor photoelectrode beyond just increasing or decreasing the total number of reaction turnovers of an electrochemical reaction. The principal loss mechanisms can change for the same semiconductor photoelectrode with changes to the steady-state condition. 

The least-squares mean tasidotin total volume of distribution at steady state was 10 L, and was not affected by dose or day of administration. Between-subject variability was estimated at 39%. The tasidotin half-life did not change over day of administration, but increased with increasing dose (p < 0.0001) and decreased with increasing BSA (p = 0.0144). The least squares mean half-life was 26 min at 2.3 mg/m2, but was 46 min at 62.2 mg/m2. Between-subject variability was estimated at approximately 20%. The finding that the half-life was dose-dependent was not surprising, as total systemic clearance was affected by both dose and BSA, whereas volume of distribution at steady state was unaffected by dose or BSA. Under these conditions, the half-life would be expected to change inversely proportional to clearance. 

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