Static polarisation

Comparison with (14) shows that the terms of the second sum on the right-hand side can be represented by the static polarisability ap = Xg 0) of the second molecule which will depend very little on the state of rotation p of the molecule so that we may signify it simply by an whereas the first sum again gives the square of the permanent dipole moment of the first molecule, of which we also may assume that it is approximately independent of the state of rotation We obtain... 

However, when the field is on, only the background is measured since the a absorption line profiles are shifted away from the emission line while the static polariser, constructed from synthetic crystalline quartz, rejects the signal from the it components. Background correction is achieved by subtraction of the field-on signal from the field-off signal. With this principle of operation, background absorption of up to 2 absorbance units can be corrected most accurately even when the background shows a fine structure. 

Whereas the interatomic forces cannot be obtained from classical mechanics, not even with the correspondence principle, the molecular forces considered in this work are not specific for quantum mechanics. That we discuss this fact in detail here, even after it has been treated extensively in a series of papers, is based on the fact that the idealisations which were disputable even with the models used then (with static, polarisable configurations of charges) are not in any way satisfactory today. 

The evaluation of the non-linear ip(> )-characteristics given by equation (33) is mathematically difficult. Therefore, the static polarisation curves are usually linearised and subjected to Fourier transformation that yields an expression of the Faradaic impedance Zp of the interface for the given operating point. 

The literature contains a number of studies on the susceptibility of the cobalt-based alloys to pitting corrosion. In-vitro studies conducted by Mueller and Greener , involving static conditions, revealed no evidence of pitting having occurred. Syrett and Wing ", utilising cyclic polarisation analyses, observed that neither as-cast nor annealed Co-Cr-Mo alloy demonstrated hysteresis loops in their cyclic polarisation curves. They... 

Van Caillie, C., Amos, R. D., 1998, Static and Dynamic Polarisabilities, Cauchy Coefficients and Their Anisotropies A Comparison of Standard Methods , Chem. Phys. Lett., 291, 71. 

Also a molecule with a static dipole moment interacts with a polarisable molecule. If the dipole can freely rotate, the Helmholtz free energy is... 

In Sect. 7.3, Eqs. (18) and (19) describe the Maxwell stress forces acting on a conductive tip when a combined d.c./a.c. voltage is applied. For the PFM set-up we have to complete the total interaction force by the additional effects of piezoelectricity, electrostriction and the spontaneous polarisation. Both electromechanical effects cause an electric field-induced thickness variation and modulate the tip position. The spontaneous polarisation causes surface charges and changes the Maxwell stress force. If the voltage U(t)=U[)c+UAc sin((Ot) is applied, the resulting total force Ftotai(z) consists of three components (see also Eq. 19) Fstatic, F(0 and F2m. Fstatic is the static cantilever deflection which is kept constant by the feedback loop. F2a contains additional information on electrostriction and Maxwell stress and will not be considered in detail here (for details see, e.g. [476]). The relevant component for PFM is F(0 [476, 477] ... 

A). Static spectrum cross polarised, no decoupling. (B). Static spectrum cross polarised, decoupled. 

The principal values of the 15N chemical shift tensors for the amine and imine nitrogen atoms were derived from analysis of 15N lineshapes recorded for static powder samples under conditions of cross polarisation and H decou-... 

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