Startup Rate and Subzero Temperature Challenge

A fuel cell should be able to send enough power out when it is needed, although there are different startup-time requirements for different applications. For portable, backup, and vehicle applications, the fuel cell system must send enough power out instantly once it is started, while for primary 

Some ice will form when starting up a stack from subzero temperatures, and the formation of ice may cause damage to unit cell components such as the GDM, CL, and even the PEM. The preference of ice formation is likely to decrease in the following order the interface between the GDM and the plate, the interface between the CL and the GDM, within the GDM, within the CL, and the interface between the CL and the PEM, due to the differences 

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