Stannyl acetylene

The Boger group synthesis commences with a Stille coupling of a stannyl acetylene with two equivalents of a highly oxygenated bromobenzene to yield a symmetrical diarylalkyne (82). The subsequent reaction of this alkyne (82) with 3,6-dicabomethoxytetrazine under Diels-Alder/retrograde Diels-Alder... 

Following the precedent methodologies, telluro(stannyl) ketene acetals are achieved by the hydrozirconation of stannyl acetylenes and successive reactions with butyl tellurenyl... 

Similarly, hydrozirconation of stannyl acetylenes 108 followed by treatment of the intermediate vinylzirconium species 109 with -butyltellurium bromide and then with sodium borohydride gives tintelluroketene acetals 110 (Scheme 65).182... 

In sharp contrast, stannylated acetylenes are substituted at the wrong end and a metal-metal exchange takes place (29, 30) 58 . 

Tin Reagents. ipso-Monoiodination of 3,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)thiophene followed by Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling with stannylated acetylene gives the monalkyne 64. Distanny-lated acetylene will give the alkyne substituted at both termini 65 (Scheme 30). 

Scheme 9.27 Synthesis of the bis(stannyl)acetylene building block 78 from dilithioacetylene (80) prepared in situ upon treatment of 1,1,2-trichloroethene (79) with nBuLi [199].

There have been significant discoveries of methods that enable the enantioselective addition of an alkyne to an aldehyde or a ketone [182]. The resulting chiral propargyl alcohols are amenable to a wide variety of subsequent structural modifications and function as useful, versatile chemical building blocks. In 1994, Corey reported the enantioselective addition reactions of boryl acetylides such as 292, prepared from the corresponding stannyl acetylenes (e.g., 291) in the presence of the oxazaborolidine 293 as the chiral catalyst (Scheme 2.36) [183]. Both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes were demonstrated to participate in these addition reactions, which proceeded in high yields and with impressive enantioselectivity. The proposed transition state model 295 is believed to involve dual activation both of the nucleophile (acetylide) and of the electrophile (aldehyde). The model bears a resemblance to the constructs previously proposed for alkylzinc addition reactions (Noyori, 153) and borane reductions (Corey. 188). 

This catalyst was successfully applied to the Diels-Alder reaction of propargyl aldehydes as dienophUes [12] (Scheme 1.21, Table 1.8). Though 2-hutyn-l-al and 2-oc-tyn-l-al are unreactive dienophUes, silyl- and stannyl-suhstituted a,/ -acetylenic aldehydes react with cydopentadiene readily in the presence of 20 mol% of the catalyst at low temperature to give hicyclo[2.2.1]heptadiene derivatives in high optical purity these derivatives are synthetically useful chiral building blocks. 

The regiochemistry of the hydrozirconation of disubstituted stannyl- [24, 167-170] and silyl- [171] acetylenes and boron- [118, 172-175] and zinc- [34, 126] alkynyl derivatives result in the formation of 1,1-dimetallo compounds. Hydrozirconation of alkynyliodonium salts affords alkenylchlorozirconocenes with the Zr-C bond geminal to the iodonium moiety [176]. These zirconocene complexes allowed the preparation of ( )-trisubstituted olefins (Scheme 8-20). 

Dipolar cycloaddition reaction of trimethylstannylacetylene with nitrile oxides yielded 3-substituted 5-(trimethylstannyl)isoxazoles 221. Similar reactions of (trimethylstannyl)phenylacetylene, l-(trimethylstannyl)-l-hexyne, and bis (trimethylsilyl)acetylene give the corresponding 3,5-disubstituted 4-(trimethyl-stannyl)isoxazoles 222, almost regioselectively (379). The 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of bis(tributylstannyl)acetylene with acetonitrile oxide, followed by treatment with aqueous ammonia in ethanol in a sealed tube, gives 3-methyl-4-(tributylstannyl)isoxazole 223. The palladium catalyzed cross coupling reaction of... 

Reaction of the stannylborane 9 with an allenyne gives a cyclization product, in which the boryl and stannyl groups are introduced to the acetylenic terminus and the allenic central carbon, respectively (Equation (104)).159 Based on the assumption that an unsaturated functionality initially inserts into the Pd-B bond of (boryl)(stannyl)palladium(n) species, it seems likely that the alkyne moiety is more reactive than the allene moiety in this reaction. 

Stannylated and phosphorylated acetylenes have, so far, found relatively few applications as synthetic intermediates. One serious disadvantage of many organotin compounds is their low volatility and poor propensity to crystallize. This makes them less attractive for working on a somewhat larger scale. 

The bis-iodonium acetylene 198 is even more reactive than 189 and undergoes Diels-Alder reaction with cyclopentadiene, furan and 1,3-diphenylisoben-zofuran in acetonitrile under very mild conditions (Scheme 71) [139]. All adducts (62,199) are isolated in the form of stable microcrystalline solids products 62 can be reacted further with nucleophiles or combined in a cross-coupling reaction with lithiated or stannylated alkynes [52,53,61]. 

The polymer-supported distannane 90 was used as a source of stannyl radicals in several radical cyclization reactions, such as the photochemical radical chain addition of f-butyl iodide to acetylenes yielding the Z/E mixture of alkenes or the photochemical cyclization of citronellyl bromide to give menthane in high yields164 (Scheme 44). 

The first alkynyliodonium salt, (phenylethynyl)phenyliodonium chloride, synthesized in low yields from (dichloroiodo)benzene (3) and lithium phenylacetylide (equation 1), was reported in 196526. This chloride salt is unstable and readily decomposes to a 1 1 mixture of chloro(phenyl)acetylene and iodobenzene. It was not until the 1980s, however, that alkynyliodonium salts became generally available. This was made possible by the introduction of sulfonyloxy-/l3-iodanes as synthetic reagents46 and by the recognition that iodosylbenzene (4) can be activated either with boron trifluoride etherate or with triethy-loxonium tetrafluoroborate31. These reagents are now widely employed for the conversion of terminal alkynes and their 1-silyl and 1-stannyl derivatives to alkynyliodonium salts (equations 2 and 3). A more exhaustive survey of iodine(III) reagents that have been... 

These compounds have proven to be the most versatile building blocks for construction of other ynamines mainly through protonation, alkylation and acylation. Such reactions are called aminoethynylation 131). More recent development involves the use of stable stannyl ynamines. Lithio ynamines 44 are prepared in situ and alkylation is achieved by adding the corresponding alkyl halide or tosylate. The D3-ynamine 45 was prepared via the latter method (80) 132). Two selected examples (81, 82) where the acetylene chain carries a latent functionality follow 133,134). 

Silyl, germanyl and stannyl alk-l-ynyl ketones have been prepared from 2-lithio-2-(trimethylsilylethynyl)-l,3-dioxolane 448. The deprotonation of the dioxane 447 with n-BuLi at — 65 °C afforded the acyl anion 448 which, after reaction with trimethylsilyl, trimethylgermanyl and trimethylstannyl chloride, gave the expected derivatives (Scheme 117)658. Hydrolysis of these products with 0.01 M sulfuric acid at room temperature in aqueous acetone gave the corresponding acyl derivatives 449. On the other hand, the reaction of the intermediate 448 with alkyl halides allows the synthesis of acetylenic ketones659. 

The stemona alkaloid stemonamide (49) was synthesized starting from a-stannyl acetate 47 and 2-stannyl pyrrolidine 48. The oxidative coupling of stannyl acetate 47 with acetylenic silyl enol ether affords the functionalized C-7 unit which corresponds to the side arm of the pyrrolidine ring. Then, introduction of the C-7 unit to the pyrrolidine ring is performed by the oxidative generation of acyliminium ion. The carbon skeleton of stemonamide was thus constructed efficiently as shown in Scheme 19 by employing organotin compounds. ... 

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