Standing wave formation

Hasegawa Y and Avouris Ph 1993 Direct observation of standing wave formation at surface steps using scanning tunnelling spectroscopy Rhys. Rev. Lett. 71 1071... 

Relationship between the Mechanical Loss and Standing Wave Formation... 

Therefore, the critical speed of standing wave formation Is where... 

Similarity of the fine-stracture shapes at energies higher than 7.5 eV of all the profiles implies that electrons in the lower part of the valence band barely participate in the process of charge transportation. In contrast, electrons in the upper part of the valence band dominate in oxidation holes and lone pairs form simultaneously. The DOS features of bonding (around 12 eV) are not detectable with VLEED due to the standing wave formation at the boundaries of Brillouin zones. 

The construction of a TXRF system, including X-ray source, energy-dispersive detector and pulse-processing electronics, is similar to that of conventional XRF. The geometrical arrangement must also enable total reflection of a monochromatic primary beam. The totally reflected beam interferes with the incident primary beam. This interference causes the formation of standing waves above the surface of a homogeneous sample, as depicted in Fig. 4.1, or within a multiple-layered sample. Part of the primary beam fades away in an evanescent wave field in the bulk or substrate [4.28],... 

H)N-NDR systems DL activator accelerated waves, inhomogeneous (BF unstable) oscillations stationary domains, standing waves, anti-phase oscillations with n = 1 pulses, target patterns, clusters enhanced acceleration of potential fronts, mainly homogenizing effect cluster formation in the oscillatory region... 

The most important variable with ultrasonic baths is the position of the irradiated vessel with respect to the transducer. This is a consequence of non-uniform energy distribution in the bath owing to the formation of standing waves. 

As with the previous work, the influence of the liquid height and of the input power at the transducer on the spacial distribution of the mass transfer coefficient in the liquid were studied. Typical results are shown in Figures 27 and 28 where kd is plotted against x (y = 0). It can be seen that at very low input power (< 20 W) a standing wave pattern is observed but this rapidly disappears as the power exceeds 20 W. This behavior is almost certainly due to acoustic streaming and the formation... 

The formation of iodine during sonication can be visualized by adding soluble starch to the medium and observing the blue color which appears. This technique has been used to identify the positions in a reactor where cavitation is most intense [ 19]. In this way standing waves can be detected since the blue color appears in the zones of maximum amplitude (maximum sonochemical activity). 

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