Standards historical perspective

Standard soap solution test, historical perspective 392 Standby and idle boilers, management of 606... 

The molecular specificity of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) lends itself quite well to applications in pharmaceutical development labs, as pointed out in a review article with some historical perspective.10 One of the more common applications of mid-IR in development is a real-time assessment of reaction completion when used in conjunction with standard multivariate statistical tools, such as partial least squares (PLS) and principal component analysis (PCA).18,19 Another clever use of FTIR is illustrated in Figure 9.1, where the real-time response of a probe-based spectroscopic analyzer afforded critical control in the charge of an activating agent (trifluoroacetic anhydride) to activate lactol. Due to stability and reactivity concerns, the in situ spectroscopic approach was... 

Standard operating procedures are written documents specifying the procedures that must be followed to assure the quality and integrity of study data. One of the purposes of SOPs is to reduce the introduction of errors and variables in a study by assuring that appropriate procedures are used consistently by all personnel. The other purpose, which is a historical perspective, is to outline how a study was conducted. 

From a historical perspective, progress towards the deliberate construction of macromolecules possessing branched architecture can be considered to have occurred during three general eras. The first period occurred roughly from the late 1860 s to the early 1940 s, when branched structures were considered as being responsible for insoluble and intractable materials formed in polymerization reactions. Synthetic control, mechanical separations, and physical characterization were primitive at best as judged by current standards isolation and proof of structure were simply not feasible. 

Some good books, reviews, and historical perspectives of the field of secondary ion mass spectrometry have been published, including Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, proceedings of a workshop held at the National Bureau of Standards in Gaithersburg, Maryland, September 16—18,1974 [63]. The proceedings include... 

Many factors have contributed to the decline in cardiovascular-related mortality over the past quarter century, including lifestyle modifications, the development of multiple new drug categories, the introduction and subsequent dramatic improvements in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), cardiac transplantation, and advances in electrophysiology and implantable devices. One of the more important new treatments is reperfusion therapy for patients with evolving acute myocardial infarction (AMI), which has now become the standard of care for these individuals. This chapter will review selected major developments in historical perspective that led to the widespread application of pharmacological reperfusion therapy for the treatment of AMI (Fig. 2.1). 

From a historical perspective, C++ is a set of features that Bjarne Stroustrup added to C to facilitate object-oriented programming, plus an additional set of features added during the ANSI and ISO standardization process. C++... 

When Woodward and Hoffmann developed the conservation of orbital symmetry, they introduced the terms "allowed" and "forbidden" to describe reactions such as the [4+2] and [2+2] cycloadditions, respectively. This terminology caught on, and has become fairly standard in the field. With the benefit of a historical perspective, though, we can now see that these terms are too definitive. 

Chemical safety planning is an important focus of the overall campus and community. As a result, the act of providing a complete chemical education includes the use of published chemical safety regulations. The intent of these standards is emphasized. The goal is to achieve safe chemical handling behavior in faculty, staff, students and the community at large. Committed time and economics are sometimes a burden, so effective inexpensive solutions are a priority. A historical perspective, some specific solutions, and general safety recommendations are provided here from our "mid-size school" perspective. 

The model is not only flat and one-dimensional, but it is totally lacking in any historical depth. This is a direct consequence of the standard mass media coverage of deviance and dissent. Symbolization and the presentation of the facts in the most simplified and melodramatic manner possible leave little room for interpretation, the presentation of competing perspectives on the same event or information which would allow the audience to see the event in context. 

For pharmaceutical manufacturing it is quite common to refer immediately to GMP guidelines (see Sect. 35.5.7) if considering a PQS. Section 35.3 accounts for the historical background of that approach. There are a few reasons however for this chapter to put the PQS in a broader perspective, such as that of the International Standards Organisation (ISO, see Sect. 35.7.2) ... 

In the Subsections which follow, several ways of evaluating the SMPR and MPR potential in OECD countries are used. In Subsection (i), historical data on 200 to 400 MWe and 400 to 700 MWe thermal units are examined to obtain a perspective of what might be the maximum size of the markets available. In Subsection (ii), the ability of some OECD countries to "carry" (i.e., finance) a nuclear power unit, is evaluated. A standard grid-size evaluation is carried out in Subsection (iii), and in Subsection (iv) electrical load growth factors are addressed. 

The work of David Norris, Riverside Cement Co., in researching and compiling the various historic revisions of ASTM CIO, was invaluable to gaining an accurate perspective on the 20 century history of natural cement standards. 

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