Staging phenomenon

Biomarkers of exposure and effect are established for children. Since the primary biomarker of effect, rickets, is a late-stage phenomenon, it would be useful to establish precisely a constellation of biomarkers that would identify a precursor condition. Such markers might include relative serum levels of vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, and phosphatases. The alginate method for reducing peak absorption of strontium has been validated in children (Sutton et al. 1971a). 

Film formation from poljmer latexes is a complicated, multi-stage phenomenon and has been the subject of much theoretical and experimental attention. Many studies of the individual stages, utilising a variety of different techniques, have been published. The use of latex films to investigate... 

Experimental constant current charge/ discharge curves for Li intercalation/de-intercalation into/out of graphite clearly prove the staging phenomenon (Fig. 7). Nevertheless, there are no sharp discontinuities between the two-phase regions because (i) the packing density of Li Cf, varies slightly (a phase width exists), and... 

The most common situation is Li intercalation in graphite (Fig. 3a), which proceeds by the so-called staging phenomenon [18]. This staging phenomenon is described by an index, which indicates the number of unoccupied graphene layers between two Li-occupied layers [18, 26]. As already quoted, the maximum intercalation capacity is 372 mAh/g, which corresponds to x = 1 in reaction (6). 

A characteristic feature of GICs is the staging phenomenon. In contrast to other intercalation com-... 

The stmctural modification with respect to the pristine compound results in changes of the unit cell parameters of the pristine material that are related to the radii of the guest ions, the size of the empty sites of the host lattice and the nature of these sites, i.e., octahedron or tetrahedron. It has been shown that intercalation of alkali ions can induce staging phenomenon due to the minimization of repulsive forces between intercalated cations and a special ordering that results in superstrac-tures [13, 14]. 

---