Stack translator

The high voltage stack translator is the work horse of piezo actuators. Furthermore, it lends itself to explaining the construction and properties of piezoelectric actuators. 

Fig. 6.16. Piezoelectric stack translator, a Structure, b electromechanical equivalent circuit and amplitude responses of the actuator and sensor transfer behaviour in small signal operation (derived from [5])...

Fig. 6.17. Static displacement characteristic of a stack translator, a Constant load,...

Figure C2.2.4. Types of smectic phase. Here tire layer stacking (left) and in-plane ordering (right) are shown for each phase. Bond orientational order is indicated for tire hexB, SmI and SmF phases, i.e. long-range order of lattice vectors. However, tliere is no long-range translational order in tliese phases.

It is not surprising that it is difficult to insert lithium between parallel layers which are randomly stacked. When lithium intercalates between AB stacked layers, a shift to AA stacking occurs [26]. It is likely that the turbostratically stacked layers are pinned by defects (which can only be removed near 2300°C ) preventing the rotation or translation to AA stacking. Thus, we can understand why varies as 372(1-P), the fraction of layers with AB registered stacking. More studies of the details of the voltage profiles in Fig. 7 can be found elsewhere [6,7,27]. 

Figure 16-19. A Tt-stacked arrangement of Ooci-OPV5-CN" molecules in the crystal lattice (view at a slight angle with respect to the long molecular axis). B lop-view (lop) and side-view (bottom) of two nearest-neighbor Oocl-OPV5-CN" molecules in the crystal. related by a translation along the ci-axis. The distance of 3.5 A corresponds to the shortest distance between two atoms on different molecules (sec Fig. 16-18 for details).

Fig. 1.5 The (rhombohedral) 3R and (hexagonal) 2H stacking polytypes of M0S2. Adjacent layers in the 2H polytype are rotated by 60°, whereas those in the 3R polytype can be superimposed with a translation only. (Reproduced with permission from [77], Copyright 2009, American Chemical...

Among crystals with stacking faults the lack of a periodic order is restricted to one dimension this is called a one-dimensional disorder. If only a few layer positions occur and all of them are projected into one layer, we obtain an averaged structure. Its symmetry can be described with a space group, albeit with partially occupied atomic positions. The real symmetry is restricted to the symmetry of an individual layer. The layer is a three-dimensional object, but it only has translational symmetry in two dimensions. Its symmetry is that of a layer group there exist 80 layer-group types. 

We attributed the sudden increase in entropy at x 0.5 where stage 1 should begin to form to combined contributions from configurational and vibrational entropy [22], Configurational entropy goes with in-plane or the out-of-plane lithium vacancy disorder . This translates into either the formation of lower Li density layers or the presence of Li stacking faults. Indeed a possible mechanism of the stage 1 phase formation may involve a... 

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