Sponges calcareous

D Ambrosio. M. Guerriao, A. IMiitus, C. Pietra, F. (1996B)Leucascandrolide A, anewtypeofmacrolide the first powafully bioactive metabolite of calcareous sponges Leucascandra caveolata, a new genus from the Coral Sea) Helv. Chim. Acta, 79, 51-60. 

Mauritamide A (481), a taurine-containing metabolite, was isolated from the sponge Agelas mauritiana [411]. The taurine-containing alkaloids tauroacidins A (482) and B (483) were isolated from a Hymeniacidon sp. from Okinawa and are tyrosine kinase inhibitors [412]. An imidazole alkaloid, (9 )-clathridine 9-A-(2-sulfoethyl)-imine (484), a taurine derivative of clathridine, was isolated from the calcareous sponge... 

I Small marine sponges with calcareous spicules and large collar cells mostly under two cm. in length. 

Nine 2-amino imidazole alkaloids were isolated from a Red Sea calcareous sponge, Leucetta chagosensis (50,51). They belong to four differ-... 

Seven new ageliferin derivatives (78-84), characterized by methylation on one or both of the pyrrole nitrogens, together with previously isolated bromoageliferin and dibromoageliferin, were found in Astrosclera willeyana, a calcareous sponge coming from Pohnpei, Micronesia [121],... 

The next isolation and characterization of an imidazole alkaloid in which data were employed during the characterization is found in the work of Dunbar etal. [71] who reported a novel imidazole alkaloid, naamine-A 36, from the calcareous sponge Leucetta chagosensis. The authors did not report the optimization used to acquire the data. 

Single cells may deposit CaCOs extracellularly. This occurs in the formation of the test in protozoa (Pautard, 1970) and the spicules of calcareous sponges (Jones, 1970). Single cells also have the capacity to form portions or entire skeletons of echinoderm larvae in vitro (Okazaki, 1975) and cells which do not form distinct epithelia regenerate spines of echinoderms extracellularly (Heatfield and Travis, 1972). These results suggest the possibility that cells which are not in an epithelial layer may also deposit the meshwork of the echinoderm test and spines extracellularly. 

Jones, W.C., 1967. Sheath and axial filament of calcareous sponge spicules. Nature, 214 365. 

Jones, W.C. and James, D.W.F., 1969. An investigation of some calcareous sponge spicules by means of electron probe micro-analysis. Micron, 1 34—39. 

Jones, W.C. and Jenkins, D.A., 1970. Calcareous sponge spicules a study of magnesian calcites. Calcif. Tissue Res., 4 314—329. 

Ledger, P.W. and Jones, W.C., 1977. Spicule formation in the calcareous sponge Sycon ciliatum. Cell Tissue Res., 8 553—567. 

Rutzler, K. and Rieger, G., 1973. Sponge burrowing Fine structure of Cliona lampa penetrating calcareous substrata. Mar. Biol., 21 144—162. 

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