Splitting, unequal

Section 13 11 Complicated splitting patterns can result when a proton is unequally cou pled to two or more protons that are different from one another... 

When a uranium-235 atom undergoes fission, it splits into two unequal fragments and a number of neutrons and beta particles. The fission process is complicated by the fact that different uranium-235 atoms split up in many different ways. For example, while one atom of 292U is splitting to give isotopes of rubidium (Z = 37) and cesium (Z = 55), another may break up to give isotopes of bromine (Z = 35) and lanthanum (Z = 57), while still another atom yields isotopes of zinc (Z = 30) and samarium (Z = 62) ... 

FIGURE 5.1 Isotropic hyperfine pattern for 51VIV in S-band. The spectrum is from V0S04 in aqueous solution. Use of the low frequency enhances the second-order effect of unequal splitting between the eight hyperfine lines. 

Consider two CSTRs of unequal sizes, Vx and V2, operating in parallel, as shown in Figure 17.2. The liquid-phase reaction, A - products, is first-order and both tanks operate at the same T. How should the total feed rate, q0, be split (at S) so as to maximize the rate of production in the combined exit streams (at M) ... 

The estimation of the crystallinity index (Cl) of bone is based on one of the four vibrational modes associated with the apatite phosphate group. In amorphous calcium phosphate, the absorption band at 550-600 cm-1 appears as a single broad peak, whilst in hydroxyapatite it is split into bands of unequal intensity by the apatite crystal field (Sillen and Parkington 1996). Based on the splitting factor introduced by Termine and Posner (1966), Weiner and Bar-Yosef (1990) proposed the use of a crystallinity index to measure the crystallinity of bone mineral. As illustrated in Fig. 4.7, the Cl is estimated by drawing a base line from 750 to 495 cm 1 and measuring the heights of the absorption peaks at 603 cm-1 (measurement a), 565 cm 1 (measurement b) and the distance from the base line to the lowest point between the two peaks (c). Cl is calculated from the formula ... 

High-spin hemes have a strong axial zero field splitting which splits these states into three doublets, and because the value of the zero field splitting parameter D is positive (typically 5-10 cm ) for hemes the doublet consisting of the Sj = -1-, — states is lowest lying. There is usually also a smaller rhombic term E which cannot split the Kramers doublets but mixes states differing in by 2. The main net effect of E is to remove the equivalence of the x and y (in heme plane) directions so that g, and gy are unequal. 

For the homopolar diatomic case, Q = C2 = Ca = C4, the corresponding energy levels will be equally above and below the atomic energy level. For heteropolar molecules, the splitting will be unequal. 

When a uranium or plutonium nucleus undergoes fission, it splits into two fragments of unequal size. Figure 2.1 shows yield/mass curves for fission of 235U and 239Pu by slow neutrons. Fission by fast neutrons gives slightly different distributions, with increased prob-... 

Here is yet another bizarre result of quantum mechanics for you to ponder. The lx wavefunction for a hydrogen atom is unequal to zero at the origin. This means that there is a small, but nonzero probability that the electron is inside the proton. Calculation of this probability leads to the so-called hyperfine splitting —the magnetic dipoles on the proton and electron interact. This splitting is experimentally measurable. Transitions between the hyperfine levels in the lx state of hydrogen are induced by radiation at 1420.406 MHz. Since this frequency is determined by... 

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