Splitting efficiency

The riffles plates will be subjected to wear and over time could affect flow splitting efficiency. 

Besides having to flow from ducts and to split efficiently between rollers, a letterpress ink also has to wet quickly all the surfaces with which it comes into contact. On the press these may be various metals, rubbers, and plastics, while the substrate can be any one of a wide variety of materials. For a liquid to wet a surface it must have a lower surface tension than the substrate. The surface tension of a liquid is related to the contact angle that the liquid makes with the substrate. The contact angle is defined as nil for complete wetting and greater than 90° for increasing non-wetting tendencies. 

Figure 10 shows the volume fraction of the splitted emulsion after treating in the electrical a.c. field for 30 seconds for various surfactant concentrations and surfactant types. It is evident that in the absence of surfactants, there is no stability and all the water droplets coagulate with coalescence. 50 vol.% water phase signifies 100% splitting efficiency. 

Figure 9. Effect of electrode length and total residence time on splitting efficiency and current flow at an electrical field of 1000 V/mm.

Figure 15. Effect of phase ratio Vj/Vj on emulsion viscosity Tjem and splitting efficiency 7js Vj...total water content I>splitted .obtained continuous water phase after splitting.

Previous principal solar water splitting models predict similar dual band gap photoelectrolysis efficiencies of only 16%, and 10-18%, respectively [27, 28]. Each are lower than our observed water splitting efficiency discussed below. The physics of these models were superb, but their analysis was influenced by dated technology and underestimated the experimental ((photo attained by contemporary devices or underestimated the high experimental values of (dectrolysis> which Can be attained. For example, Boltonand coworkers, estimates low values of ((photo (less than 20% conversion) due to assumed cumulative relative... 

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