Spinacia

At low irradiances, photosynthesis uses virtually 100% of the quanta, but in full sunlight, about 2000 imol quanta s , more quanta are available than can be used in photochemistry. Maximum rates of photosynthesis by Populus or Spinacia leaves of 15 and 70 jumol O2 m s , respectively, would require only 15 x 9 = 135 to 630 jumol quanta m s , or 10-40%. Leaves, therefore, need to be able to dissipate 60-90% of the quanta at high irradiance in an orderly manner such as non-radiative decay if they are to avoid the potentially damaging formation of oxygen radicals from reduced ferredoxin (Asada Takahashi, 1987). When plants are under a stress that restricts CO2 assimilation, excessive light will be reached at even lower irradiances. 

Despite the difficulties in extracting and identifying colorless catabolic products that are extremely labile and detectable only in trace amounts, several of the mysteries of chlorophyll catabolism have been revealed and about 14 non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolytes (NCCs) from higher plants, mainly in senescent leaves, have been detected and analyzed structurally. Among them, NCCs from rapeseed (Bms-sica napus) from Liquidambar styraciflua, from Cercidiphyllum japonicum, five NCCs from degreened leaves of spinach Spinacia oleracea) and, more recently, two NCCs from tobacco Nicotiana rusticd) and five NCCs from Arabidopsis thaliana have been identified. 

The uptake and biotransformation of benzene from soil and the atmosphere has been studied in a nnmber of plants. It was shown that in leaves of spinach Spinacia oleraced) the label in -benzene was fonnd in mnconic, fnmaric, snccinic, malic, and oxalic acids, as well as in specific amino acids, and that an enzyme preparation in the presence of NADH or NADPH prodnced phenol (Ugrekhelidze et al. 1997). 

Maas FM, De Kok FJ, Kuiper PJC. 1985. The effect of hydrogen sulfide fumigation on various spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) cultivars Relation between growth inhibition and accumulation of sulphur compounds in the plant. Journal of Plant Physiology 119 219-226. 

Adam, W., Lazarus, M., Boss, B. et al. (1997) Enzymic resolution of chiral 2-hydroxy carboxylic acids by enantioselective oxidation with molecular oxygen catalyzed by the glycolate oxidase from spinach (Spinacia oleracea). The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 62 (22), 7841-7843. 

Spinacia oleracea (spinach) Cucumis melo (melon)... 

Spinach, Spinacia oleracea-, leaf Alabama New Jersey World, 44 varieties United States... 

Quinolizidine alkaloids (QA) are thought to be typical natural products of many Leguminosae (1-3) but a few isolated occurrences have been reported also in unrelated families, e.g. Chenopodiaceae ( 1 ), Berberidaceae ( ), Papaveraceae ( ), Scrophulariaceae ( ), Santalaceae ( ), Solanaceae ( ), and Ranunculaceae (J ). These observations could indicate that the genes for QA biosynthesis are probably not restricted to the Leguminosae but are widely distributed in the plant kingdom however, they are only rarely expressed in the other families. We could support this belief by recent experiments using plant cell suspension cultures. A short-term and transientQA formation could be detected after induction even in "QA-free" species, such as Daucus, Spinacia, Conium, and Symphytum (6). 

In our first experiments (1) we subjected bean, spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) and tobacco leaves to ozone at 1 ppm for 30 to 60 min. At this high concentration of ozone, the sulfhydryl content of the leaves was diminished 15 to 25% (Table I). There was little difference between the sulfhydryl content of ozone-resistant and ozone-susceptible tobacco either before or after ozonation. 

Edenharder, R. et al., Isolation and characterization of structurally novel antimutagenic flavonoids from spinach (Spinacia oleracea), J. Agric. Food Chem., 49, 2767, 2001. 

Charriere-Ladreix, Y. and Tissut, M., Foliar flavonoid distribution during Spinacia chloroplast isolation, Planta, 151, 309, 1981. 

Acety lrhamnoside)-7-rhamno side 3-(4"-Acety lrhamnoside)-7-(2" -acetylrhamnoside) 3-(2"-Feruloylglucosyl)(l — 6) and leaves Spinacia oleracea leaves Chenop odiaceae 417... 

Quercetagetin 6,3 -dimethyl ether (spinacetin) 3-(2"-Apiosylgentiobioside) Spinacia oleracea leaves Chenopodiaceae 417... 

Ferreres, F. et al., Acylated flavonol glycosides from spinach leaves Spinacia oleraced). Phytochemistry, 45, 1701, 1997. 

Spinacia oleracea (Sorte Noveto [28] 2 isozymes, cytosolic and chloroplastic [28]) [20, 28, 31]... 

Component E. colib (%) Green plant (spinach, Spinacia oleracea)c Rat liver3 (%)... 

Spin-spin interaction. See NMR spectroscopy Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) composition of 31... 

F Ferreres, M Castaner, FA T-Barberan. Acylated flavonol glycosides from spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea). Phytochem 45 1701-1705, 1997. 

Ogawa et al. (1997) investigated the formation of H202 and the superoxide radical (02 ) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea) hypocotyls with the use of histochemical stains. Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) is used to detect 02 radicals. The colored reaction product formazan was only detected in the vascular tissue of developing spinach hypocotyls if CuZn-superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD E.C. 1.15.1.1) was inhibited by DDC... 

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