Spermatogenesis spermatid

The major FSH target in the male is the Sertoli cells, found in the walls of the seminiferous tubules of the testis. They function to anchor and nourish the spermatids, which subsequently are transformed into spermatozoa during the process of spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells also produce inhibin (discussed later), which functions as a negative feedback regulator of FSH. The major physiological effect of FSH in the male is thus sperm cell production. 

Drabent B, Saftig P, Bode C, Doenecke D (2000) Spermatogenesis proceeds normally in mice widiout linker histone Hit. Histochem Cell Biol 113 433-442 Drabent B, Benavente R, Hoyer-Fender S (2003) Histone Hit is not replaced by Hl.l or H1.2 in pachytene spermatocytes or spermatids of Hit-deficient mice. Cytogenet Genome Res 103 307—313 Ehrenhofer-Murray AE (2004) Chromatin dynamics at DNA replication, transcription and repair. Eur J Biochem 271 2335-2349... 

Vitamin A is essential for spermatogenesis the retinoic acid may be required in maturation (i.e. differentiation) of spermatid into spermatozoa. This is important in male fertility. 

Testicular histopathology revealed that major early changes after exposure to 1,3-DNB consisted of degeneration of germinal epithelium and sloughing of both spermatocytes and spermatids which in turn resulted in reduced sperm counts and reduced sperm mobility (Blackburn et al. 1988 Evenson etal. 1989b Linder etal. 1988, 1990 Reader etal. 1991). Disrupted spermatogenesis was also evidenced by a decrease in the number of seminiferous tubules in rats treated with 48 mg/kg of... 

Exposure of rats and beagle dogs to 12 ppm for 6 hours/day, 5 days/weekfor 13 weeks produced severe testicular damage and slight hypoplasia of the spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow." In the rats both immature and mature spermatids no longer appeared in the seminiferous tubules no spermatozoa were noted in the epididymal tubules. Normal spermatogenesis was only partly restored at 84 days after exposure. Similar exposure at 0.1 ppm caused no effects. 

Excessive cobalt can potentially interfere with normal spermatogenesis, and even generalized hypoxia related to increased blood viscosity which affects the testes (Evans, 2007 Thomas, 1995). Chromium and vanadium have also been associated with adverse reproductive effects, and cis-platmum exposure has been associated with the death of spermatocytes and spermatids, as well as disruption of... 

H.J. Harwood, Jr., W.W. Ku, M.R. Waterman, and D. Rozman (2000). Lanosterol 14a-demethylase (CYP51), NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and squalene synthase in spermatogenesis Late spermatids of the rat express proteins needed to synthesize follicular fluid meiosis activating sterol. J. Endocrinol. 166, 463-474. 

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