Spent lees

The residue from the distillation of the wash is termed pot ale, and from the low wines is called spent lees. The former is sometimes evaporated aud the product used as a fertilizer. 

Distillation.—On the conclusion of the fermentation, the liquor, now called wash, is ready for distillation. In Scotch pot still practice two distillations are required for preparing whiskey from the wash. The first takes place in the wash still. The distillation is continued until all the alcohol has been driven off from the wash and collected in one distillate. The liquor remaining in the still is termed pot ale or burnt ale and is either run to waste or dried for fertilizer. The distillate, which is technically termed low wines, contains all the alcohol and secondary constituents from the wash, and considerable water. The low wines are transferred to a second and smaller still and arc redistilled. Three fractions are obtained from this distillation. The first is termed foreshots, the second constitutes the clean or finished whiskey, the third is called feints. The foreshots and feints are collected together, while the residue in the still, called spent lees is run to waste like the pot ale. 

The volatile secondary constituents, which pass over with the alcohol into the low wines receiver, on the distillation of the wash, are thus incorporated as far as possible with the finished whiskey finally produced. There can be no doubt, however, that a portion escapes with the spent lees since it is known that partial decomposition is undergone during the process of distillation, e.g. certain esters are easily decomposed when boiled with water under such conditions as those which obtain during distillation in the wash or low wines stills and the products of decomposition may wholly or partially remain in the spent lees and may consequently be absent from the whiskey. 

Again, some of the constituents which boil at much higher temperatures than water, may not wholly pass over with the alcohol in the distillation of the low wines, but may remain in the spent lees, and so also be lost to the finished whiskey. 

Eric Lee of the City of Lincoln, Nebraska, Water Treatment Plant Laboratory prepares to replace a spent deionization cartridge with a new one. 

J. A.Lee,ChemMetEngrg 53, 146-9(July 1946)(Recovering alkylation spent acid by the Chemical Construction Corp process) (brief description and a flow sheet) 2)... 

K. H. Lee, N. S. Noh, D. H. Shin, Y. Seo, Comparison of plastic types for catalytic degradation of waste plastics into liquid product with spent FCC catalyst, Polym. Deg Stab., 78, 539-544 (2002). 

Lee et al. [29] reported the effect of PS addition in the catalytic degradation of waste HDPE and PS mixture using spent FCC catalyst at 400°C. Figure 5.14 shows the cumulative amount distributions of liquid products as a function of reaction time for the catalytic degradation of waste HDPE and PS mixture in different proportions. The increase of PS content in HDPE and PS mixture showed much high initial degradation rate and high... 

K. H. Lee and D. -H. Shin, Catalytic Degradation of Waste Polyolefinic Polymers Using Spent FCC Catalyst with Various Experimental Variables, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 20(1), 89-92 (2003). 

K. -H. Lee, D. -H. Shin and Y. -H. Seo, Liquid-phase catalytic degradation of mixtures of waste high-density polyethylene and polystyrene over spent FCC catalyst. Effect of mixing proportions of reactant. Polymer Degrad. Stab., 84, 123-127... 

Alcohol may also be recovered from fresh lees (spent yeast) by distillation of the wine that separates with the yeast, and from pomace by steam distillation [35]. Some wineries pressure filter the lees to improve wine recovery and produce a dry yeast cake, which may be dried and sold as cattle feed [13]. 

Later closed shell CCSD programs were written by my Slovakian collaborators [56] in 1985, and then by Schaefer s group [57], after Andy Scheiner spent some time with us to learn how we did it. The third was a program of Lee and Rice [58], then in Handy s group. Now several groups were doing CC theory. 

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