Spectroscopy—See specific

Bromo-2-pyridyla2o)-5-diethylamiQophenol (5-Br-PADAP) is a very sensitive reagent for certain metals and methods for cobalt have been developed (23). Nitroso-naphthol is an effective precipitant for cobalt(III) and is used in its gravimetric determination (24,25). Atomic absorption spectroscopy (26,27), x-ray fluorescence, polarography, and atomic emission spectroscopy are specific and sensitive methods for trace level cobalt analysis (see... 

Reviews of 19F-n.m.r. spectroscopy of specifically fluorinated carbohydrates have been included in a number of articles, namely, by Inch271 in 1969 and 1972 (Ref. 272), simultaneously by Fields273 and Bentley274 in 1972, by Kotowycz and Lemieux275 in 1973, by Emsley and coworkers,278 who dealt, exclusively with, 9F coupling constants, in 1976, and by Wasylishen277 in 1977 (see also, Refs. 278-280). 

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, see also specific compounds aconitase, 47 479 APS reductase, 47 384 CODH/ACS, 47 314, 317 Fe hydrogenase, 47 389 FeMoco, 47 200... 

Nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy, see also specific compounds cyclophosphazenes, 21 93 of subvalent compounds, 29 298, 308-309 transition metal nitrosyl complexes, 34 313-314... 

Several analytical methods will differentiate the "free" (hydrated) metal ions from dissolved complexed metal ions. These methods include specific ion electrodes, polarographic, and other amperometric and voltammetric methods and various types of spectroscopy (see Section 7-10). Specific ion electrodes only respond to the free metal ion for which they are "specific." To determine the relative amounts of complexed and uncomplexed metal ion in a solution, we can use a "wet chemical" method to measure the total concentration of "free + complexed" ions, and then an ion-specific electrode to determine the free metal ion concentration (activity). Care must be taken to eliminate interferences that may affect these measurements. We deduce the concentration of the "complexed ions" by the difference between these two measurements. For example, in the EDTA titration method for hardness, free and complexed calcium and magnesium ion s are measured. 

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