Spectroscopy, history

Scherer J J, Paul J B, O Keefe A and Saykally R J 1997 Cavity ringdown laser absorption spectroscopy history, development, and application to pulsed molecular beams Chem. Rev. 97 25-51... 

Scherer, J.J. et al.. Cavity ringdown laser absorption spectroscopy History, development and applications to pulsed molecular beams, Chem. Rev., 97, 25, 1997. 

Scherer, J. J., J. B. Paul, A. O Keefe, and R. J. Saykally, Cavity Ringdown Laser Absorption Spectroscopy History, Development, and Application to Pulsed Molecular Beams, Chem. Rev., 97, 25-51 (1997). 

A. O Keefe, J.J. Scherer, J.B. Paul, R.J. SaykaUy, Cavity-ringdown laser spectroscopy history, development, and applications, in 1997 ACS Symposium Series 720 on Cavity-Ringdown Spectroscopy An Ultratrace-Absorption Measurement Technique, ed. by... 

Time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy history, technique, and application to supramolecular and macromolecular chemistry, 47, 1... 

The focus of this section is the emission of ultraviolet and visible radiation following thermal or electrical excitation of atoms. Atomic emission spectroscopy has a long history. Qualitative applications based on the color of flames were used in the smelting of ores as early as 1550 and were more fully developed around 1830 with the observation of atomic spectra generated by flame emission and spark emission.Quantitative applications based on the atomic emission from electrical sparks were developed by Norman Lockyer (1836-1920) in the early 1870s, and quantitative applications based on flame emission were pioneered by IT. G. Lunde-gardh in 1930. Atomic emission based on emission from a plasma was introduced in 1964. 

Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS) is one of the most powerful and practical methods of surface analysis available. However, it is undemtilized due to a lack of understanding about its application and capabilities. This stems from its history, the limited number of high-performance instmments manufactured, and the small number of experienced surface scientists who have actually used ISS in extensive applications. Ironically, it is one of the easiest and most convenient sur ce analytical instruments to use and it provides usehil information for almost any type of solid material. 

The brief history, operation principle, and applications of the above-mentioned techniques are described in this chapter. There are several other measuring techniques, such as the fluorometry technique. Scanning Acoustic Microscopy, Laser Doppler Vibrometer, and Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy, which are successfully applied in micro/nanotribology, are introduced in this chapter, too. 

Busch DH (2005) First Considerations Principles, Classification, and History. 249 in press Bussiere G, Beaulac R, Belisle H, Lescop C, Luneau D, Rey P, Reber C (2004) Excited States and Optical Spectroscopy of Nitronyl Nitroxides and Their Lanthanide and Transition Metal Complexes. 241 97-118 Cadierno V, see Majoral J-P (2002) 220 53-77 Camara M, see Chhabra SR (2005) 240 279-315 Caminade A-M, see Majoral J-P (2003) 223 111-159 CantriU SJ, see Arico F (2005) 249 in press... 

UV/VIS absorption spectroscopy, pioneered by Beckman (1941), is one of the oldest and most widely used instrumental techniques, despite being regarded by some analysts as obsolete. Recently there has been a renaissance in UV spectroscopy with many new techniques, instruments and data processing methods [8]. Modem highest specification UV/VIS absorption and fluores-cence/phosphorescence spectrometer instruments extend their wavelength region from the far UV (175 nm) into the NIR region (1100 nm). Small footprint UV/VIS spectrometers (200-1100 nm) are now available. Paul [9] has traced the history of UV/VIS instrumental developments. 

Transient absorption techniques now have a venerable history. The development of flash kinetic spectroscopy was the work of Norrish and Porter (62). This technique typically employed a flash lamp to produce... 

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