SEARCH Articles Figures Tables Angular distribution spectator stripping Aqueous ionic reactions spectator ions Auger effect spectator Cation spectator ions Effects of Spectator Ligands Ionic Equations and Spectator ons Participant-spectator Participant-spectator reactions Precipitation Reactions Spectator Ions Push-spectator system Reaction spectator Spectator Ions Net Ionic Equations Spectator autoionization Spectator bond Spectator catalysis Spectator effects Spectator electron Spectator group Spectator ions Spectator ligand Spectator ligands, carbenes Spectator mechanism Spectator model Spectator solvent molecules Spectator species Spectator stripping Spectator stripping model Spectator stripping reaction Spectator stripping with reactant internal energy Spectator substituents The Carbaborane Group as a Spectator Ligand The spectator electrons approximation