Sparks fragmentation

Ionization and fragmentation of materials by a variety of means, principally by electron bombardment, or the softer techniques of chemical ionization, field ionization or fast atom bombardment. Analysis of the range of mass fragments produced. Elemental composition of non-volatile materials by application of an RF spark. 

The fragmentation of sparks has been observed in several metals (including magnesium, aluminium and titanium), and where such fragmentation occurs violently it is termed popcorning as previously mentioned regarding titanium fountains. In order to account for this phenomenon, several mechanisms have been suggested. 

FIGURE 19 Flint tools. Axes, scrapers, and knives. Flint is a hydrated form of ciyp-tociystalline silica that occurs naturally as irregular nodules in chalk deposits. It is colorless and translucent when pure, but opaque and often colored when it contains impurities. When struck, flint breaks with a conchoidal fracture and the fragments formed have smooth, sharp edges. It is for this reason that prehistoric humans used flint to make tools. Since it also sparks when struck, flint was also used, until the eighteenth century, for lighting Are. 

KL) Anon, "Military Explosives", TM 9-1300-214/TO 11A-1-34 (1967). Chapter 5. Properties and Tests of High Explosives Sensitivity to Frictional Impact (pp 5 1 to 5-3) Sensitivity to Friction (5 3 to 5-6) Sensitivity to Frictional Impact (5-6) Sensitivity to Heat and Spark, which includes Explosion Temperature Test (5-6 to 5-9) Sensitivity to Initiation (5-9) Stability Tests, which include 75° International Test, 100° Heat Test, Vacuum Stability Test and Potassium Iodide—Starch Test (5 9 to 5-15) Brisance Tests which include Sand Test, Plate Dent Test and Fragmentation Test (5 15 to 5-18 and Fig 5 13 on p 5-19) Initiating Value (5-18 5-20) Sympathetic Detonation (5-20 to 5-21) Power which includes Heat of Explosion Test, Ballistic Pendulum Test and Trauzl Lead Block Test (5-21. to 5-24) Blast Effect (5-24 to 5-27) Cratering Effect (5-28 5 29) and Munroe-Neumann Effect (5-29 to 5 35)... 

Mader H. M. (1998) Conduit flow and fragmentation. In The Physics of Explosive Volcanic Eruptions. Geological Society of London Special Publication 145 (eds. J. S. Gilbert and R. S. J. Sparks), Geological Society of London, pp. 51-71. 

To test this model, the surface properties of the 22-kDa fragment at an air—water interface have been examined. The air—water interface system has been used extensively to model the interaction of apoli-poproteins with lipid (Phillips and Sparks, 1980 Shen and Scanu, 1980 Camejo and Munoz, 1981 Phillips and Krebs, 1986). When the 22-kDa fragment was spread as monomolecular film in a Langmuir trough, the surface pressure-molecular area isotherm was calculated to be —16 A /... 

Chemical, electron field desorption, laser desorption, photon, plasma desorption, spark, and thermal ionization are all used as primary ionization processes. Secondary ionization is the term used to describe a process in which ions are ejected from a surface as a result of bombardment by a primary beam of atoms or ions. If low energy or soft ionization techniques are used, the mass of the target molecule can be determined. Advances in soft ionization techniques have extended the use of MS to the direct measurement of peptide and protein mass. Ionization at higher energy results in more extensive fragmentation of target molecules. 

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