Spacing constant

Figure Bl.19.39. Schematic of the themiocoiiple probe in a scaiming themial profiler. The probe is supported on a piezoelectric element for modulation of tip-sample distance at frequency oi and to provide positioning. The AC thennal signal at oi is detected, rectified, and sent to the feedback loop, which supplies a voltage to the piezostack to maintain the average tip-sample spacing constant. (Taken from [209], figure 1.)...

Figure 4. Schematic of the field distribution at various distances from the point of current injection A is the space constant, r r and r,. are membrane resistance and resistances of internal and external media, respectively. The dimension of r is ohm cm those of rf and rc are ohms.

Some of the effects of closely spaced constants can be illustrated with the help of Figure 5.1. For example, it will be noticed that the concentrations of the intermediate complexes from Cu(NH3) to Cu(NH3)4 never reach C,, that is, the value of 0.005 M, since there are always significant fractions of the total copper present as other species. It can be shown that unless two successive constants are at least 3.2 log units apart, the intermediate species will not reach a maximum concentration of 0.95 x C. 

Radioactive material is everywhere. Our bodies, houses, air, and food are radioactive. Devices containing small amounts of radioactive material can be found in homes, workplaces, or schools, and radioactive materials are transported continuously and safely throughout the world. We are bombarded by radiation from space constantly. Radioactive materials are widely used every day in our society. Nuclear power plants are used throughout the world to generate electricity. Radioactive material is used by the military and industry and in research. In addition, radioactive materials are widely used in medicine to diagnose and treat diseases. 

Membranfluss membrane flux Membrandurchfluss membrane forceps Membranpinzette membrane length constant (space constant) Membranlangskonstante (Raumkonstante) membrane reactor Membranreaktor membraneous membrands meniscus Meniskus mercerization Merzerisieren,... 

Vm and Ve are the transmembrane and extracellular voltage, respectively. A. is the space constant of the fiber and depends only on the geometric and electric properties of the axon ... 

The term on the right side of Equation 28.21 is called the source term or forcing function and is the product of the square of the space constant with the second spatial derivative of the extracellular voltage. In order to explain the significance of this term, it can be easily shown that the model in Figure 28.6a is equivalent to a model in which the extracellular space with its electrode and voltage has been replaced by... 

To proceed from simple to more complicated, let us first assume that the smectic layers (Figure 4.10) are incompressible, i.e., only those deformations are allowed that leave the smectic layer spacing constant. It is obvious that... 

Illxistration of deformation of layered structures, (a) Layer splay (director bend) (b) twist (c) layer bend (director splay). It can be seen that only the layer bend leaves the layer spacing constant. 

Taking into account that the vertical spacing of reinforcement should be a multiple of the compaction lift, the calculation of the distribution of the reinforcing layers is simplified with the definition of a parameter referred to as spacing constant Q. It is defined according to the compaction lift v, considered to be the minimum vertical spacing (Eq. [15.28]) ... 

Define minimum vertical spacing v (corresponding to the compaction lift) and calculate the spacing constant Q by Eq. [15.28]. 

Conformal anode (electroplating) An anode made to conform to the shape of the cathode to keep the anode-to-cathode spacing constant. 

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