Space OLEDs

The paper is oiganized to describe, first, the materials that have been used in OLEDs, then the device structures that have been evaluated. After a description of the methods used to characterize and evaluate materials and devices, we summarize the current stale of understanding of the physics of device operation, followed by a discussion of the mechanisms which lead to degradation and failure. Finally, we present the issues that must be addressed to develop a viable flat-panel display technology using OLEDs. Space and schedule prevent a comprehensive review of the vast literature in this rapidly moving field. We have tried to present... 

Important electrical informations about OLEDs, such as charge transport, charge injection, carrier mobility, etc., can be obtained from bias-dependent impedance spectroscopy, which in turn provides insight into the operating mechanisms of the OLED [14,15,73,75 78]. Campbell et al. reported electrical measurements of a PLED with a 50-nm-thick emissive layer [75], Marai et al. studied electrical measurement of capacitance-voltage and impedance frequency of ITO/l,4-Mv-(9-anthrylvinyl)-benzene/Al OLED under different bias voltage conditions [76], They found that the current is space-charge limited with traps and the conductivity exhibits power-law frequency dependence. 

On a larger scale, self-contained application programs can be driven by each other object linking and embedding/Component Object Model (OLE/COM), UNIX pipes and signals, and Apple events allow this to happen. Communicating components can be written in different languages, and each can execute in its own space. 

During the long history of FT synthesis, various approaches have been developed to control product selectivity. Parameters like temperature, pressure, H. CO ratio, conversion, space velocity and alkalization of iron catalysts influence chain length, chain branching, (he ole fin/paraffin ratio and the alcohol selectivity as well as carbon deposition and methane selectivity. The effect of the different parameters can be obtained from Table IV 9]. As a typical example for the... 

It is sometimes necessary to determine the Miller indices of a given pole on a crystal projection, for example the pole A in Fig. 2-39(a), which applies to a cubic crystal. If a detailed standard projection is available, the projection with the unknown ])ole can be superimposed on it and its indices will be disclosed by its coincidence with one of the known poles on the standard. Alternatively, the method illustrated in Fig. 2-39 may be used. The pole A defines a direction in space, normal to the plane Qikl) whose indices are required, and this direction makes angles p, <7, t with the coordinate axes a, b, c. These angles are measured on the projection as shown in (a). Let the perpendicular distance between the origin and the hkl) plane nearest the origin be d [Fig. 2-39(b)], and let the... 

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