Space-charge wave , defined

Methods for quantum mechanical calculation of dipole moments and their IE s are well established. The dipole moment for any specified confirmation is defined by the nuclear coordinates of the various atoms n and their charges z , plus the electron density at each point in space expressed as a function of the vector re using the wave function... 

So, where is the electron and what is it doing We do not really know, and modern physics tells us that we never will know with 100% certainty. However, with information derived from wave mathematics for an electron, we can predict where the electron probably is. According to the particle interpretation of the wave character of the electron, the surface that surrounds 90% of an electron s charge is the surface within which we have a 90% probability of finding the electron. We could say that the electron spends 90% of its time within the space enclosed by that surface. Thus an orbital can also be defined as the volume within which an electron has a high probability of being found. 

From the Api (X) curves and the pressure-Mach number relation through the shock wave it is easy to calculate the space-time diagram (R, t) if the chemical energy E of the detonating charge is known. Then at fixed times t, the location and the shape of the front of the blast waves are well defined. In the near field the asymmetry of the shock front is observed and for increasing values of time the blast... 

These results can only be rationalized by considering an electron as a flexible wave packet, rather than a point particle. In particular, as shown in Table 2, the volume of a given annular shell is reduced as the nuclear charge increases, which means that an electronic unit is compressed into less space. However, the effective dimensionless electronic radius of r/a remains constant as a decreases and defines the fine-structure constant as a = Jr/a. The dimensionless volume of the two-electron (15) annulus therefore remains constant and so does the effective separation of electrons in units of a. 

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