Sonochemistry substitution

The sonochemistry of non-carbonyl organometallics has not yet been well developed. Complexes which contain both CO and Cp undergo CO substitution upon sonolysis (189). In preliminary studies of the metal-... 

Savizky, R. M., Suzuki, N. and Bove, J. L. The use of sonochemistry in the asymmetric epoxidation of substituted chalcones with sodium perborate tetrahydrate. Tetrahedron Asymmetry, 1998, 9, 3967-3969. 

Sonochemistry has been applied to acceleration of the Reformatsky reaction, Diels-Alder reactions, the arylation of active methylene compounds nucleophilic aromatic substitution of haloarenes, and to hydrostannation and tin hydride reduction. " Other sonochemical applications involve the reaction of benzyl chloride and nitrobenzene, a Sr I reaction in liquid ammonia at room temperature, and Knoevenagel condensation of aromatic aldehydes. lodination of aliphatic hydrocarbons can be accelerated, and oxyallyl cations have been prepared from ot,ot -diiodoketones using sonochemistry. Sonochemistry has been applied to the preparation of carbohydrate compounds.When sonochemistry is an important feature of a chemical reaction, this fact will be noted in the reactions presented in Chapters 10-19. 

Ultrasonic cavitation has particularly important effects on biphasic systems, emulsification of immiscible liquid-liquids, particle breakage and dispersion, and surface cleaning in liquid-solid mixtures. These mechanical effects, even if sometimes oversimplified, appear to be understandable and predictable by nonexperts in the field, who exploited them in a variety of heterogeneous reactions. Sonochemistry of biphasic systems then developed rapidly, and synthetic applications were reviewed in recent articles. In many cases, the presence of a phase transfer catalyst becomes unnecessary, and sonication can be considered as a "physical substitute to PTC", according to the expression of Ando. a... 

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