Solvents ternary mixed

Propylsydnone (3-PSD) was proposed as a new solvent by Sasaki et al. [51]. The cycling efficiency of lithium on a Ni electrode of the ternary mixed-solvent electrolyte of 3-PSD, 2MeTHF and 2, 5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran with LiPF6 was about 60 percent, and it was stable with cycling. 

Diphasic liquid systems used in CCC may have a wide variety of polarities. The most polar systems are the ATPS made by two aqueous-liquid phases, one containing a polymer, for example, polyethylene glycol (PEG), the other one being a salt solution, for example, sodium hydrogen phosphate. The less polar systems do not contain water there can be two-solvent systems, such as heptane/acetonitrile or dimethylsulfoxide/hexane systems or mixtures of three or more solvents. Intermediate polarity systems are countless since any proportion of three or more solvents can be mixed. Ternary phase diagrams are used when three solvents are mixed together. 

Some very hydrophobic samples, e.g., lipids, are strongly retained and not eluted in an acceptable time even with pure methanol or acetonitrile as the mobile phase. Such samples are usually adequately resolved by normal-phase chromatography, but they can be often equally well or even better separated by non-aqueous reversed-phase (NARP) chromatography in mixed mobile phases containing a more polar (e.g.. acetonitrile or methanol) and a less polar (e.g., tetrahydrofuran. dichloromethane. methyl-r-butyI ether) organic solvent. Ternary non-aqueous mobile phases may contain even hexane or heptane. The retention decreases with increasing concentration of the less-polar... 

Figure 1. Various representations of a ternary mixed solvent with mole fractions x, x, and x by the combination of binaries or the combination of one pure solvent and one binary mixture.

One can see from eqs 17 and 20 that the activity coefficient of a solute at infinite dilution in an ideal ternary mixed solvent (yg ) can be calculated in terms of the activity coefficients of that solute at infinite dilution in any two binaries of the solvent and their molar volumes or in terms of the activity coefficients of the solute at infinite dilution in one binary solvent and in the remaining individual solvent and their molar volumes. The activity coefficients of a solute at infinite dilution in a binary mixed solvent can be obtained experimentally or calculated. For instance, they can be calculated using eq 9 and, in this case, the activity coefficient of a solute at infinite dilution in an ideal ternary mixed solvent (yg ) can be predicted from the... 

Inserting expressions (21)—(23) into eq 17 leads to the following expression relating the Henry constant in a ternary mixed solvent to those in two binaries of the solvent constituents and their molar volumes ... 

Table 2. Comparison between Predicted and Experimental Henry s Constants atT = 298.15 K and Atmospheric Pressure for the Solubilities of Ethane in the Ternary Mixed Solvent Acetone (1) Methanol (3) Water (4)...

Solubility of a Solid. For the solubilities of poorly soluble crystalline nonelectrolytes in a multicomponent mixed solvent, one can use the infinite-dilution approximation and consider that the activity coefficient of a solute in a mixed solvent is equal to the activity coefficient at infinite dilution. Therefore, one can write the following relations for the solubility of a poorly soluble crystalline nonelectrolyte in a ternary mixed solvent and in two of its binaries i2,i3... 

We applied both techniques to the solubilities of ethane and ethylene in the ternary mixed solvent... 

The solubility of a poorly solulole crystalline nonelectrolyte in a ternary mixed solvent can also be calculated from those in one binary mixed solvent, for example, the 3—4 binary, and the remaining individual component and their molar volumes (of course, any other pair can also be selected) ... 

Ternary Mixed Solvent. The solubilities of naphthalene and anthracene in the ternary aqueous mixed solvents (see Table 2) were calculated using Equation 23. The prediction... 

From the solubilities in the individual constituents of the solvent and their molar volumes. The molar volume of a ternary mixed solvent (W) in Equation 23 can be obtained from the molar volumes of water, methanol and 1-propanol as an ideal molar volume... 

Murakami et al. (1973) investigated the influence of pH on the CD spectra of some ternary mixed complexes of Cu(II) with diethylenetriamine and various optically active a-amino acids. At higher pH, both Cotton effects for the L-amino acids, a positive one at about 720 nm and a negative one at about 570-560 nm, increase considerably. The effects of solvent on the visible CD spectra of Cu(II) complexes with N,N-dialkylated amino acids have also been reported (Nash and Jacks, 1972). 

The solubilities of naphthalene in the ternary subsystems I and II were calculated as developed earlier in ternary mixed solvents. It should be noted that the water/ methanol/l-propanol/l-butanol solvent is not completely miscible. Only the homogeneous regions of mixed solvents are considered here. The solubility predictions for the quaternary mixed solvent are listed and compared with experiment in Table 10.2. 

S.-I. Tobishima, K. Hayashi, K.-I. Saito, J.-l. Yamaki, Electrochim. Acta 1995, 40, 537-544. Ethylene carbonate-based ternary mixed solvent electrolytes for rechargeable lithium batteries. 

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