Solvents substituting for

Joback, K. G. (1994). Solvent Substitution for Pollution Prevention. Pollution Prevention Via Process and Product Modifications, ed. M. El-Halwagi, and D. P. Petrides, 98-103. AIChE Symposium Series 303. New York American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 

A complicated problem is that of solvent substitution for organic reaction optimization. The solvent is important in organic synthesis, and several solvent polarity scales have been developed to attempt to quantify this, specifically work by Reichardt (Rei-chardt, 1988). 

Glycol is used (l) in antifreeze solutions, especially for automobile radiators (2) in the preparation of ethers and esters, especially nitrate for explosive (3) as a solvent substitute for glycerol. 

New safer solvent Substitute for Chemical reactions References... 

Phelps, M. R., Hogan, M. O., and Snowden-Swan, L. J. (Pacific Northwest Laboratoiy), Barton, J. C., Spall, W. D. and Williams, S. B., (Los Alamos National Laboratory), Waste Reduction Using Carbon Dioxide A Solvent Substitute For Precision Cleaning Applications, Precision Cleaning 95 Proceedings (1995)... 

Beilstein Handbook Reference) AI3-32118 BRN 0506058 EINECS 203-528-1 Ethyl acetone FEMA Number 2842 HSDB 158 Methyl n-propyl ketone Methyl-propyl-cetone Methyl propyl ketone Metylopropyloketon NSC 5350 2-Pentanone Propyl methyl ketone UN 1249. Solvent, substitute for diethyl ketone, flavoring. Mobile liquid mp n -76.9" bp = 102.2" d = 0.809 Xm = 280 nm (cyclohexanone) slightly soluble in H2O (4 g/100 ml), CI4, freely soluble in EtOH, Et20 LDso (rat orl) = 1600 mg/kg. Ashland CasChem Janssen Chiraica Penta Mfg. S/gma-Aldrich Fine Cfiem. 

Most organic solvents substituted for water in the polymerization of vinyl fluoride exhibit chain-transfer characteristics. Benzene gives rise to low-molecular-weight products in poor conversion. 

US Department of Energy (1993) Solvent Substitution for Pollution Prevention, Noyes Data Corporation, Park Ridge, NJ. 

Chem. Descrip. Petroleum aromatic hydrocarbon resin Uses Diluent, alkyd modifier, solvent substitute for meeting low VOC regulations, adhesion promoter, hardener, vise, reducer in high-solids, air-drying coalings... 

The cyclic diether, 1,3-dioxolane, is recommended by Ferro Corporation as a more benign solvent substitute for chlorinated organic solvents, such as methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and for ketones, such as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). This ethylene glycol-based ether is a suitable solvent under neutral and basic conditions in several major-use areas. It is a powerful solvent for softening and dissolving polymers made from polar monomers, for example, polycarbonates, acrylates, cellulosics urethanes, phenoUcs, nitriles, urea-formaldehydes, and alkyds, as well as polyesters, vinyl epoxys, and halogen-containing polymers. As a reaction solvent it is added as a component to a special quaternary ammonium or phosphonium salt solution for preparation of a vesicular phenoxy resin. Other beneficial uses for the solvent dioxolane, include ... 

A greater awareness of the origin of solvents, and why they are suitable for some reactions but not others, will be an essential quality of the future medicinal chemist. They will also need to embrace unconventional solvents in order to continue practicing the reactions familiar to medicinal chem-istiy. Computational tools such as COSMO-RS are available for solvent selection that can improve the understanding and uptake of bio-based solvents. For example, limonene and p-cymene are bio-based solvent substitutes for traditional hydrocarbon solvents. 

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