Solvent flatness

Xiang, S., Carter Jr., C.W., Bricogne, G. and Gilmore, C.J. (1993) Entropy maximization constrained by solvent flatness a new method for macromolecular phase extension and map improvement, Acta Cryst., D49, 193-212. 

Solvent flatness. On average, protein crystals contain about 50% solvent, which on an atomic scale usually adopts a random, non-periodic structure within the crystal and hence is featureless within the averaged unit cell. Therefore, if we know the location of the solvent regions within a macro-molecular crystal, we already know a considerable part of the electron density (i.e. the part that is flat and featureless), and flattening the electron density of the solvent region can improve the density of our macromolecule of interest. 

Fitzmaurice and co-workers have pioneered the use of spectroelectrochemical data to quantify flat-band potentials under a variety of conditions [163-167]. Table 2 gives data measured in the indicated solvents. Flat-band potentials for different cations and mixed solvents are also available in the literature. With this spectro-... 

Solvent flatness (SF) Strength proportional to solvent volume-fraction... 

Aerosol Spray Paints, Industrial Cleaning Solvents, Flat Wood Paneling Coating, Lithographic Printing Materials ... 

D 3280 WHITE ZINC PIGMENTS D 3322 PRIMER SURFACES D 3323 SOLVENT/FLAT WALL PAINTS D 3358 WATER BASED FLOOR PAINTS D 3383 SOLVENT/FLOOR PAINTS D 3425 INTERIOR SEMIGLOSS D 3451 POWDER COATINGS D 3619 ANHYDROUS AL-SILICATES D 3721 SYNTHETIC RED IRON OXIDE D 3724 SYNTHETIC BROWN FE-OXIDE... 

Key words Polymerized membrane - poor solvent - flat-compact transition - critical state - folding... 

Surfaces in polar solvents and particularly in water tend to be charged, tlirough dissociation of surface groups or by adsorjDtion of ions, resulting in a charge density a. Near a flat surface, < ) only depends on the distance x from the surface. The solution of equation (C2.6.6) then is... 

Free mono- and multilayer films may be adhesive- or extmsion-bonded in the laminating process. The bonding adhesive may be water- or solvent-based. Alternatively, a temperature-dependent polymer-based adhesive without solvent may be heated and set by cooling. In extmsion lamination, a film of a thermoplastic such as polyethylene is extmded as a bond between the two flat materials, which are brought together between a chilled and backup roU. 

Table 2. Exterior Alkyd-Linseed Oil Flat Solvent-Based House Paint ...

Ceramics Ceramic microfilters for commercial applications are almost always employed as tube-side feed multitube monoliths. They are also available as flat sheet, single tubes, discs, and other forms primarily suited to lab use. They are used for a few high-temperature applications, in contact with solvents, and particularly at very high pH. 

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