Solutions and Their Physical Properties

14-2 Solution Concentration 14-3 Intermolecular Forces and the Solution Process 

14-6 Vapor Pressures of Solutions 14-7 Osmotic Pressure 14-8 Freezing-Point Depression and Boiling-Point Elevation of Nonelectrolyte Solutions 14-9 Solutions of Electrolytes 14-10 Colloidal Mixtures 

Residents of cold climate regions know they must add antifreeze to the water in the cooling system of an automobile in the winter. The antifreeze-water mixture has a much lower freezing point than does pure water. In this chapter we will learn why. 

To restore body fluids to a dehydrated individual by intravenous injection, pure water cannot be used. A solution with just the right value of a physical property known as osmotic pressure is necessary, and this requires a solution of a particular concentration of solutes. Again, in this chapter we will learn why. 

Altogether, we will explore several solution properties whose values depend on solution concentration. Our emphasis will be on describing solution phenomena and their applications and explaining these phenomena at the molecular level. 

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Raoult, Francois-Marie (1830-1901) A French chemist who studied the behaviour of solutions and their physical properties. He is best known for his work on solutions, in particular the depression of freezing points and the depression of a solvent s vapour pressure due to a solute that was shown to be proportional to the solute s molecular weight. Both became ways of determining molecular weights of organic substances. "Raoult s law is named after him. 

Chapter 14 Solutions and Their Physical Properties (d) Mole fraction of ethanol... 

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