Solute permeability measurement procedure

For permeability measurements, composite films were jnepared because of the brittleness of the fiee standing film. The composite films were obtained by casting polymer solutions on 2 mil thick Kapton film using a Gardner doctor blade. They were dried using the same procedure described above for the fi ee standing film. 

In this section the laboratory measurements of CC -foam mobility are presented along with the description of the experimental procedure, the apparatus, and the evaluation of the mobility. The mobility results are shown in the order of the effects of surfactant concentration, CC -foam fraction, and rock permeability. The preparation of the surfactant solution is briefly mentioned in the Effect of Surfactant Concentrations section. A zwitteronic surfactant Varion CAS (ZS) from Sherex (23) and an anionic surfactant Enordet X2001 (AEGS) from Shell were used for this experimental study. 

In that case, significant transverse flow develops, and macrovoids may be entrapped as illustrated in Rg. 9.20. From the solution procedure point of view, fully three-dimensional flow modeling and simulations are not much more difficult than the two-dimensional version however, one needs (1) to discretize the solution domain in 3D instead of 2D (which takes much longer CPU time to solve the pressure distributions and advance the flow front in a time marching scheme) and (2) to measure the transverse permeability of the preform which is much more difficult than measuring in-plane permeability components. ... 

In the GC-PVSK system, the resulting precipitate of PEC was also dried at 30°C on a Petri dish to obtain the membrane. For measurement of the permeabilities of KCl, urea, and sucrose, 25 mL of pH 3.0 solution was introduced into the left-hand chamber, and 25 mL of 0.05 mol/L KCl, 0.01 mol/L urea, or 0.02 mol/L sucrose into the right-hand chamber, where pH value was adjusted as the same as that in the left-hand chamber. Similarly, the measurement was performed under proper pH from 3.5 to 7.0. Other procedures were the same as for the uphill transport experiment. Urea and sucrose were determined with a Hitachi U-2000 spectrophotometer... 

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