Solutes colligative properties

For a broad range of solutes, colligative properties depend on the amount of solute but not on the nature of that... 

The state of aggregation of RLi in various solvents has been investigated by a variety of methods. In 1967, West and Waack used a differential vapor pressure technique to study solution colligative properties of RLi . Deviations from ideality indicated that in THF at 25 °C, MeLi and BuLi are tetrameric, PhLi dimeric and benzyllithium monomeric. MeLi was also suggested to be tetrameric in diethyl ether. 

Values for many properties can be determined using reference substances, including density, surface tension, viscosity, partition coefficient, solubility, diffusion coefficient, vapor pressure, latent heat, critical properties, entropies of vaporization, heats of solution, colligative properties, and activity coefficients. Table 1 lists the equations needed for determining these properties. 

G. S. Manning. Limiting laws and counterion condensation in polyelectrolyte solutions colligative properties. J. Chem. Phys. 51 924-933 (1969). 

The interactions of ions with water molecules and other ions affect the concentration-dependent (colligative) properties of solutions. Colligative properties include osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and the chemical potential, or activity, of the water and the ions. The activity is the driving force of reactions. Colligative properties and activities of solutions vary nonlinearly with concentration in the real world of nonideal solutions. 

Involatile Solute Colligative Properties and the Activity of the Solute... 

The second group of methods makes use of the colligative properties of solutions. Colligative properties depend on the number of molecules in a solution, and not their chemical constitution (22). The colligative properties include boihng point elevation, melting point depression, vapor pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure. The basic equations for the first two may be written (23)... 

Colligative Properties Compare the number of particles produced per formula unit for these three solutes. Colligative properties depend on the total concentration of particles. 

So far we have discussed the colligative properties of nonelectrolyte solutions. Because electrolytes undergo dissociation when dissolved in water [W Section 4.1], we must consider them separately. Recall, for example, that when NaCl dissolves in water, it dissociates into Na Co ) and C aq). For every mole of NaCl dissolved, we get two moles of ions in solution. Similarly, when a formula unit of CaCL dissolves, we get three ions one Ca ion and two Cl ions. Thus, for every mole of CaCl2 dissolved, we get three moles of ions in solution. Colligative properties depend only on the number of dissolved particle.s—not on the type of particles. This means that a 0.1 m solution of NaCl will exhibit a freezing point depression twice that of a 0.1 m solution of a nonelectrolyte, such as sucrose. Similarly, we expect a 0.1 m solution of CaCL to depress the freezing point of water three times as much as a 0.1 m sucrose solution. To account for this effect, we introduce and define a quantity called the van t Hoff factor (i), which is given by... 

Raoult s law is an example for a colligative property of the solution. Colligative properties of solutions depend on the number of molecules in a given amount of solvent and not on the particular identity of the solute. 

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