General solubility guidelines

The chemical propjerties of the contaminants have to be considered when selecting separation techniques. Some of the liquids are absolutely immiscible in water, and if the process stream involves water and the contamination is liquid/liquid, then the separation technique can greatly reduce the volume of contaminated water. For example, if acetone is the contaminant of concern, a simple vap>or stripping technique can be effective in making a separation. In the case of refined oil, which has a solubility limit of approximately 50 ppm, one of the oil/water separation techniques could be effective. Some general guidelines to consider are ... 

In addition to the fairly specific interactions we have considered so far, there are numerous non-specific interactions that make proteins and polypeptides quite sticky , with a tendency to adhere both to each other and to other surfaces. As a consequence, proteins and polypeptides usually have quite low solubilities that are sensitive to changes in pH, ionic strength and other solutes. This is important in both experimental and practical applications, since most proteins are only properly active in solution. Some general guidelines are as follows. 

From the results of Chapter 3, some general guidelines for solubility predictions... 

The general guidelines for the solubility of common ionic compounds (salts) are given in Figure 14.2. These guidelines have some exceptions, but they provide a solid... 

A precipitation reaction results in the formation of an insoluble product called nprecipitate. From general guidelines about solubilities of ionic compounds, vve can predict whether a precipitate will form in a reaction. 

The solubility models presented in this section provide general guidelines for predicting solubilities of metal chelates in supercritical CO2. Based on some experimental measurements, solubilities of the metal chelates of interest may be estimated using these models. However, accurate calculation of metal chelate solubilities in supercritical CO2 is still difficult to accomplish. 

The choice of equipment for the production of solutions or mastics from butyl and PIB is primarily based on the viscosity of the product. Resins and other soluble or wettable ingredients are also often incorporated at this point. The following general guidelines may be useful ... 

Long or extended period batch treatments are occasionally performed on wells producing low water cut fluids (0 to 25% water). Oil-soluble or nearly oil-soluble inhibitors may be batched into the annulus. Usually half to one drum of chemical is used. The well fluids are circulated for two to four hours to mix the inhibitor into the annulus oil. The wells are then produced for a period of time (one month), when 37.8 to 56.7 liters (10 to 15 gallons) are again batched and the well circulated for two to four hours. With high fluid level wells this treatment has lasted for up to three months per batch. This procedure is a general guideline and the exact procedure should be supplied by tbe manufacturer. 

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