Soil, best practices

Best practices in the analysis of residues in environmental samples groundwater and soil-water monitoring procedures... 

The first step in a wildlife exposure assessment is to document the occurrence and persistence of a pesticide in the study area throughout the study duration. Several articles in this book describe the experimental designs and best practices to conduct field crop and environmental dissipation (air, soil and water) studies. This article presents methods to quantify spatial and temporal distributions of pesticide presence in ecosystems following normal application and resultant exposure of nontarget wildlife. 

Stopes C, Lord El, Phillips L, Woodward L (2002) Nitrate leaching from organic farms and conventional farms following best practice. Soil Use Manage 18 256-263... 

Reflecting the latest research findings and best practices, the Second Edition of Introduction to Soil Chemistry is ideal for both students and soil chemists who want to explore the incredible complexities of the earth s soils. 

There is no specific method that is best for assessing Mo availability in alkaline soils. In practically all of the reports on the status of the available Mo in alkaline soils, use has been made of one of the several methods essentially developed for determining available Mo in non-alkaline soils (Table 8.1). The principles and detailed procedures for such tests have been described in recent works on soil testing (Cox and Kamprath, 1972 Cox, 1987 Johnson and Fixen, 1990 Sims and Johnson, 1991) and have been described in relation to acid soils in Chapter 7 of this volume. 

The use of peat for soil improvement in the open is usually limited to gardens, lawns and golf courses, because of the cost. The best practice is to apply an inch or so of sedge or reed peat to an area that is to be seeded, and work it into the upper few inches of soil. Any fertilizer or lime that is needed can be applied at the same time if grasses are to be sown. If vegetables, flowering plants, or shrubs are to be grown the fertilizer may be applied later in the row or hill if desired. 

Since every range is unique in both the type of shooting activity and its environmental setting, including soils type, EPA doesn t provide site-specific solutions. Rather, range operators can use the manual to select the best practices for their range. 

The mobility of arsenic compounds in soils is affected by sorp-tion/desorption on/from soil components or co-precipitation with metal ions. The importance of oxides (mainly Fe-oxides) in controlling the mobility and concentration of arsenic in natural environments has been studied for a long time (Livesey and Huang 1981 Frankenberger 2002 and references there in Smedley and Kinniburgh 2002). Because the elements which correlate best with arsenic in soils and sediments are iron, aluminum and manganese, the use of Fe salts (as well as Al and Mn salts) is a common practice in water treatment for the removal of arsenic. The coprecipitation of arsenic with ferric or aluminum hydroxide has been a practical and effective technique to remove this toxic element from polluted waters... 

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