Softening and Shearing

Chemical finishes are chemical reagents or polymeric materials applied to textile structures by a number of methods. The major types of chemical finishes used on textile structures are listed in Table 18-1. 

Finishes Affecting Aesthetics, Comfort and Service Protective Finishes 

Softeners and abrasion resistant fibers Oil and water repellants 

Crease resistant and stabilizing finishes Flame retardants 

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Equation (3-77) differs from the upper-convected Maxwell equation, Eq. (3-32), in that it includes the term (2/3G)D aa, which imparts strain softening and shear thinning to the behavior of the model. 

The cracking of the concrete can be specified as a combination of tension cut-off, tension softening, and shear retention (Fig. 13.3). The tension cut-off criterion is a linear stress cut-off. The tension softening criterion was set to be nonlinear tension softening with ultimate strain. The shear retention criterion was set to be a constant shear retention factor defined by a constant p value. 

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