Soft object

Cerium is the most abundant rare earth metal. Pure cerium ignites when scratched by even a soft object. It has four known isotopes l36Ce (atomic mass = 135.907 amu), 138Ce (atomic mass = 137.905 amu), 140Ce (atomic mass = 139.905 amu), and 142Ce (atomic mass = 141.909 amu). Ce-140 and Ce-142 are fairly abundant. Which is the more abundant isotope ... 

Another object that is very helpful for the description of various systems is the disc with a radius b and thickness s [24, 25] that has a soft object volume of r = Jtb s, while its excluded volume (in the isotropic case) is given by It... 

It is known that for an asymmetric back-and-forth motion of an oscillating tip, dissipation occurs during an oscillation cycle. Such an asymmetric motion can be due to the adhesion force when the tip touches the surface that gives a backward oscillating path different from the forward path. Therefore the adhesion leads to a loss of energy either in tapping or noncontact AFM mode. When operated in an ambient condition, a nanomeniscus may form between the tip and the surface at each oscillation and modify the imaging process and mechanical information, especially with soft objects. This is more detrimental than in contact mode, for which the presence of the meniscus is less problematic. 

Soft objectives need to be measured in different ways to hard objectives, such as customer attitude surveys. 

As already mentioned, first attempts have been made to prepare binary oxide zeolitic structures with a combination of pore sizes, for example, micro- and mesopores to enhance diffusion within the material. In addition to the templating approaches in which hard or soft objects/molecules/aggregates are applied, phase separation as already seen in the Vycor process plays an important role, especially in the formation of the macroporous structure. In this section, we will... 

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