Sodium perchlorate melting point

The first reported synthesis of acrylonitrile [107-13-1] (qv) and polyacrylonitrile [25014-41-9] (PAN) was in 1894. The polymer received Htde attention for a number of years, until shortly before World War II, because there were no known solvents and the polymer decomposes before reaching its melting point. The first breakthrough in developing solvents for PAN occurred at I. G. Farbenindustrie where fibers made from the polymer were dissolved in aqueous solutions of quaternary ammonium compounds, such as ben2ylpyridinium chloride, or of metal salts, such as lithium bromide, sodium thiocyanate, and aluminum perchlorate. Early interest in acrylonitrile polymers (qv), however, was based primarily on its use in synthetic mbber (see Elastomers, synthetic). 

To a suspension of 500 mg of 160i,17a-dihydroxyprogesterone in 25 ml of freshly redistilled acetophenone isadded 0.125 ml of 72% perchloric acid and the mixture isagitated at room temperature for one hour. The clear solution is washed with dilute sodium bicarbonate to remove excess acid and the acetophenone layer, after addition of chloroform is separated from the aqueous phase. The organic layer is dried over sodium sulfate and after removal of the chloroform and acetophenone in high vacuum the residue is crystallized from 95% alcohol. The pure acetophenone derivative has a melting point of about 142° to 144. ... 

The perchloryl fluoride, [CAS 7616-94-6], FCIO3, the acyl fluoride of perchloric acid, is a stable compound. Normally a gas having a melting point of —147.7°C and a boiling point of —46.7°C, it can be prepared by electrolysis of a saturated solution of sodium perchlorate in anhydrous... 

A suspension of 1.0 g of 9-fluoro-lip,16a,17,21-tetra-hydroxy-pregna-l,4-diene-3,20-dione in a mixture of 35 ml of dioxan, 15 ml of acrolein and 0.1 ml of perchloric acid was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The clear solution thus obtained was poured into an aqueous saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate. The mixture was extracted twice with benzene, and the benzenic extract was concentrated to a small volume. The resulting crystals were collected and the 9-fluoro-lip,21-dihydroxy-16a,17-(2-propenylidenedioxy)-pregna-l,4-diene-3,20-dione was obtained as white crystals, melting point 200°-205°C. 

Sodium chlorate forms colorless, odorless crystals or white granules. The melting point of the crystals is 248 Celsius, but it begins to decompose into oxygen and sodium perchlorate when heated to 300 Celsius. The crystals are highly soluble in water, but relatively insoluble in alcohol, and most common organic solvents. Sodium chlorate is widely used in pyrotechnic compositions, and in the preparation of ammonium chlorate, and perchlorate, which are used in powerful solid rocket fuels. 

Styphnic acid is a yellow crystalline solid with a melting point of 176 Celsius. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetic acid. Styphnic acid turns deep yellow on contact with air, so it should be stored in tightly sealed bottles in a cool place. The compound is corrosive and readily forms salts with metal hydroxides and carbonates—many of which are primary explosives, i.e., lead styphnate. Styphnic acid bums rapidly and violently when ignited. For safety reasons, styphnic acid should be stored wet with 10% water. It is used primarily in the manufacture of lead styphnate, but is used with outstanding results in explosives compositions when mixed with nitrocellulose, sodium nitrate, or ammonium perchlorate and... 

Acetone-Pis an unstable, white powder or crystalline mass with a melting point of 90 to 93 Celsius. The solid is insoluble in water, but soluble in ether and tetrahydrofuran. It is quite unstable and is rarely used in military or commercial explosives. However it can be utilized as a primary explosive in blasting caps or detonators when desensitized with appropriate materials. To do so, it should be mixed with gum Arabic, carbon black, tri sodium phosphate, chalk, or silicon dioxide powder, and then mixed with a small amount of paraffin s or saturated oils prior to use. Acetone-P can also be slurried with 10% water and 5% hexane for use in blasting caps or detonators. Pure acetone-P should not be used by itself, as it will decay over time potentially leading to explosions. Acetone-P is rather volatile, and a small sample left out in the open will completely evaporate after several days—partly due to decomposition. Acetone-P can also be used in initiating compositions when mixed with sulfur nitride or other primary explosives, and then added to a small amount of a saturated oil. The sulfur nitride and other primary explosives can be replaced by bari urn chromate, copper perchlorate, or lead chromate. Even when acetone-P has been successfully desensitized, it should be used withi n 2 weeks of preparation. ... 

At ordinary temperature, sodium perchlorate crystallizes as the very deliquescent monohydrate, but above 50° C. as the anhydrous salt.2 Its deliquescent character hinders its technical application. The melting-point 3 of the anhydrous salt is 482° C. On heating, it is decomposed into chloride and oxygen, a proportion of chlorate being simultaneously formed.4 From cryoscopic experiments with sodium sulphate as solvent, Lowenherz6 inferred the molecular formula to be NaCIO. ... 

In polyacrylonitrile appreciable electrostatic forces occur between the dipoles of adjacent nitrile groups on the same polymer molecule. This restricts the bond rotation and leads to a stiff, rodKke structme of the polymer chain. As a result, polyacrylonitrile has a very high crystalline melting point (317°C) and is soluble in only a few solvents, such as dimethylformamide and dimethylacetamide, and in concentrated aqueous solutions of inorganic salts, such as calcium thiocyanate, sodium perchlorate, and zinc chloride. Polyacrylonitrile cannot be melt processed because its decomposition temperature is close to the melting point. Fibers are therefore spun from solution by either wet or dry spinning (see Chapter 2). 

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