Sodium nitrate formation

Certain features of the addition of acetyl nitrate to olefins in acetic anhydride may be relevant to the mechanism of aromatic nitration by this reagent. The rapid reaction results in predominantly cw-addition to yield a mixture of the y -nitro-acetate and y5-nitro-nitrate. The reaction was facilitated by the addition of sulphuric acid, in which case the 3rield of / -nitro-nitrate was reduced, whereas the addition of sodium nitrate favoured the formation of this compound over that of the acetate. As already mentioned ( 5.3. i), a solution of nitric acid (c. i 6 mol 1 ) in acetic anhydride prepared at — 10 °C would yield 95-97 % of the nitric acid by precipitation with urea, whereas from a similar solution prepared at 20-25 °C and cooled rapidly to —10 °C only 30% of the acid could be recovered. The difference between these values was attributed to the formation of acetyl nitrate. A solution prepared at room... 

Ttinitroparaffins can be prepared from 1,1-dinitroparaffins by electrolytic nitration, ie, electrolysis in aqueous caustic sodium nitrate solution (57). Secondary nitroparaffins dimerize on electrolytic oxidation (58) for example, 2-nitropropane yields 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane, as well as some 2,2-dinitropropane. Addition of sodium nitrate to the anolyte favors formation of the former. The oxidation of salts of i7k-2-nitropropane with either cationic or anionic oxidants generally gives both 2,2-dinitropropane and acetone (59) with ammonium peroxysulfate, for example, these products are formed in 53 and 14% yields, respectively. Ozone oxidation of nitroso groups gives nitro compounds 2-nitroso-2-nitropropane [5275-46-7] (propylpseudonitrole), for example, yields 2,2-dinitropropane (60). 

At room temperature, Htde reaction occurs between carbon dioxide and sodium, but burning sodium reacts vigorously. Under controUed conditions, sodium formate or oxalate may be obtained (8,16). On impact, sodium is reported to react explosively with soHd carbon dioxide. In addition to the carbide-forrning reaction, carbon monoxide reacts with sodium at 250—340°C to yield sodium carbonyl, (NaCO) (39,40). Above 1100°C, the temperature of the DeviHe process, carbon monoxide and sodium do not react. Sodium reacts with nitrous oxide to form sodium oxide and bums in nitric oxide to form a mixture of nitrite and hyponitrite. At low temperature, Hquid nitrogen pentoxide reacts with sodium to produce nitrogen dioxide and sodium nitrate. 

Gas contact is typically carried out in absorption towers over which the alkaline solutions are recirculated. Strict control over the conditions of absorption are required to efficiendy capture the NO and convert it predominantly to sodium nitrite according to the following reaction, thereby minimizing the formation of by-product sodium nitrate. Excessive amounts of nitrate can impede the separation of pure sodium nitrite from the process. 

Palladium catalysts have been prepared by fusion of palladium chloride in sodium nitrate to give palladium oxide by reduction of palladium salts by alkaline formaldehyde or sodium formate, by hydrazine and by the reduction of palladium salts with hydrogen.The metal has been prepared in the form of palladium black, and in colloidal form in water containing a protective material, as well as upon supports. The supports commonly used are asbestos, barium carbonate, ... 

The faets established by these experiments are that both sodium ehloride and sodium nitrate favour esterification but impede the formation of menthone. 

The hydrolysis of the zinc ion in varying anionic media has been investigated. In the pH range of 2.0 to 6.0 a dependence on the anion present is observed, with either sodium nitrate, sodium perchlorate, or sodium chloride at 0.5 M concentration. Only monomeric species were observed and [Zn(OH)]+(aq) was found in all three solutions while Zn(OH)2(aq) was only found in the perchlorate solution, demonstrating the effect of the anionic medium on the formation and stability of the hydrolytic species.339 ... 

Here/w stands for the electron fraction of water in the solution. Thus the electron fraction of the solute is/s = 1 —fw- In addition, G(HN02), G(H2), and G(02) are G-values of HNO2, H2, and O2 formation, respectively, experimentally determined in the solution. Reported G(H2) and G(02) in nitric acid and sodium nitrate solutions are summarized in Fig. 9 [127]. 

Plumes from biomass burning can also have unique signatures. For example, organics, ammonium, potassium, sodium, nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, chloride, phosphate, elemental carbon, and the anions of organic acids (formate, acetate, oxalate, etc.) have all been measured in particles in the plumes from burning vegetation (e.g., see Cofer et al., 1988 Andreae et al., 1988 and Artaxo et al., 1994). 

In mixtures in which sodium chloride occurs together with ammonium nitrate, there is a possibility of molecular exchange and of the formation of the more stable system sodium nitrate-ammonium chloride ... 

It is a practice in some countries to add a small amount of sodium hydrogen carbonate to the powder dough, to neutralize dinitrogen tetroxide evolved during the decomposition of the powder. This would lead to formation of sodium nitrate... 

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