Sodium breakage

A sodium-sulfur cell is one of the more startling batteries (Fig. 12.23). It has liquid reactants (sodium and sulfur) and a solid electrolyte (a porous aluminum oxide ceramic) it must operate at a temperature of about 320°C and it is highly dangerous in case of breakage. Because sodium has a low density, these cells have a very high specific energy. Their most common application is to power electric... 

The auto-decomposition of lead tetraacetate in acetic acid, which normally occurs at reflux temperature , can be studied at 50 °C in the presence of sodium acetate The principal products of both the uncatalysed and catalysed decompositions are acetoxyacetic acid and carbon dioxide. The kinetic order of the normal decay of Pb(IV) is complex and evidence was obtained that oxidation of products is significant after the earliest stages. The evidence indicates that slow, simple homolytic breakage of lead tetraacetate to give Pb(OAc)3- and AcO-does not occur but that the solvent plays an integral part, e.g. 

The sticking phenomena of L-SCMC fines and crystal breakage phenomena affects on optical purity of D-SCMC crystals during growth process. Optical resolution of D-SCMC can be done successfully by careful crystallization in a racemic solution with sodium chloride. 

The reaction mechanism seems likely to be different when secondary ester is hydrolysed by means of sodium iodide. It appears to consist in breakage of the O—N bond ... 

Granulated Sodium.—1 part of sodium is covered with 10 parts of dry xylene and heated to 120°. The flask is then corked and wrapped in a thick dry cloth and well shaken for a short time. The metal is thus obtained in the form of a powder. No more than 20 gms. of sodium should be granulated at one time. A dry bucket should be kept at hand to drop the flask into in case of breakage. (B., 21, 1464 35, 3516 J. pr., [2], 54,116 O.S., Xm, 23.)... 

While dioxolanes are generally inert, sodium in liquid ammonia opens 1,3-oxathiolanes by preferential breakage of the C—S bond, since the developing negative charge is accommo-... 

Attempts to carry out quenching from temperatures above 1000° C. led to apparent decomposition of the samples, possibly by loss of sodium. In some cases, samples were obtained which seemed to be mixtures of the tetragonal I and cubic phases. Because of difficulties associated with tube breakage, it was not possible to complete this portion of the investigation at this time. 

B) Phenylnitromethane. In a 4-I. beaker 300 g. of sodium hydroxide is dissolved in 1200 cc, of water, The beaker is placed in an enameled pan (as a precaution against breakage), and the solution is heated to boiling. Over a period of one hour the air-dried, crude sodium salt of phenylnitroacetonitrile (275-300 g.) is added in small portions to the boiling alkali. Boiling is continued until the evolution of ammonia ceases (about three hours) hot water is added from time to time to keep the volume of the solution fairly constant (Note 4). The hot alkaline solution is poured into a shallow porcelain dish and on cooling soh difies to a waxy mass. 

A detailed study of the thermal decomposition of sodium trioxodinitrate(ii), Na2N203, in aqueous solution has been made over a wide range of pH values by means of u.v. spectroscopy and tracer experiments, using the labelled form Na2(0 NN02). Angeli s hypothesis of HNO (or NOH) as intermediate in the decomposition and direct precursor of N2O has been confirmed, and it is postulated that N=N bond breakage to produce HNO and NO2 is the primary controlling process in acidic as well as in basic solutions. ... 

Another example of a hydrated salt which gives the stable radicals obtained from C—C bond breakage is sodium perfluorosuccinate hexa-hydrate. When irradiated at room temperature the principal product is OOC-CFa-CF-COO- (28) but at 77°K. the ESR spectrum of CF2COO is also seen (31). In this case the magnitude of the fluorine hyperfine splitting rules out the electron attachment products such as "OOC-CF2-CF COO2" since /3-fluorine splittings are much smaller. In a detailed study of the 77°K. irradiation products of succinic acid (8) only the radical-ion HOOC-CHjj-CHjj-COOH" was mentioned. More recently it is claimed (16) that some of the weak lines are from HOOC-CH CH2 , but HOOC-CH2 has not been reported. 

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