Social life divorce

Progressive inactivity, dissatisfaction with social life, and presence of medical and psychiatric illness can be most predictive of insomnia in old age [6, 7], In modern societies higher rates of insomnia are present in women, people who are less educated or unemployed, separated or divorced, the medically ill, and those with depression, anxiety, or substance abuse [8], In a number of studies, insomnia has been found to be correlated with frequent use of medical facilities [9-13], chronic health problems [13-18], perceived poor health [17], increased use of drugs [10,14], and specific medical conditions including respiratory diseases [19-21], hypertension [21], musculoskeletal and other painful disorders [19-24], heart diseases [19, 23], and prostate problems [19], On the other hand, chronic insomnia predisposes to the development of psychiatric disorders [25-27], Therefore, it is important to clearly establish whether co-morbidities are causative for, or simply co-exist with insomnia, in order to recommend the most appropriate treatment. This is why it is better to categorize insomnia as a disease rather than as a symptom [28],... 

Depressive disorders can also cause substantial morbidity. Injury or illness occurs secondary to suicide attempts, accidents, substance abuse, malnutrition, or irrational behavior resulting from psychosis. Failure to seek medical attention for intercurrent medical disorders may occur because of apathy, feelings of guilt, or low self-esteem. Finally, impaired concentration and attention, a lack of energy, or anhedonia can all substantially impair psychosocial functioning (e.g., failure to advance in one s career or in school job loss social isolation dysfunctional home life, including divorce). 

A modern formulation of psychiatric disorders involves the integration of at least four key elements (1) genetic vulnerability to the expression of a disease (2) life event stressors that come that individual s way (divorce, financial problems, etc.) (3) the individual s personality, coping skills, and social support available from others ... 

Childhood Development, Personality, Coping Skills, and Social Support as Factors in Psychiatric Illnesses. Several environmental interactions are hypothesized to affect the expression of information present in the genome and therefore may dictate whether a disorder remains only a latent possibility or breaks down into overt psychiatric pathology (Fig. 4—4). These include early life experiences, which cause a person to develop learned patterns of coping that together constitute his or her personality, or in some cases, personality disorder (Figs. 4—3 and 4—4). Also, there are adult life experiences, which an individual encounters from social interaction with the environment, including events commonly called stressful, such as divorce, death of a loved one, financial difficulties, and medical problems (Fig. 4—4). 

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