Smoke and fog

The next air pollution problem is smog, which is a combination of smoke and fog and is caused when pollutants combine with water droplets. NO2 and SO2 are further oxidized and hydrated to acids,... 

The actual pollutants or combination of pollutants responsible for the excess deaths in London have not been identified, although in all cases there were greatly increased levels of S02 and particulate matter in the presence of dense fog and very low, strong meteorological inversions. Figure 1.2 shows the concentrations of S02 and smoke, i.e., particles, during the 1952 episode (Wilkins, 1954). Clearly, the death rate tracks these two pollutants. It is this combination of smoke and fog that led to the now commonly used term, smog. ... 

Smoke from factories cause smog (smoke and fog)... 

Smog Refers to extensive atmospheric contamination by aerosols (the term is derived from smoke and fog). 

Smog was originally defined as a mixture of smoke and fog. Today it can also be photochemical, caused by sunlight breaking down air pollutants. 

Smog A combination of smoke and fog usually containing photochemical reaction products combined with water vapor to produce an irritating aerosol Smog particle sizes are usually quite small being somewhat less than 1 pm in diameter. 

Skin sensitization An immunologically modulated cutaneous reaction to a substance or chemical by an animal. Response by humans to skin sensitization is observed in the form of erythema, edema, papules, pruritis, bullae, and vesicles, as with allergic contact dermatitis Smog Extensive atmospheric contamination by aerosols the term is derived from combining the terms smoke and fog ... 

Grin H. and Lein V., Aerosols - dusts, smokes and fogs. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat, 1969, 427 pp. (in Russian). 

Varughhese S, Teschke K, Brauer M, et al. Effects of theatrical smokes and fogs on respiratory health in the entertainment industry. Am J IndMed 2005 47 (5) 411 18. 

Classical air pollution incidents in London occurred under damp and foggy conditions in the winter. Fuel use was at its highest and the air near-stagnant. The presence of smoke and fog together led to the invention of the word smog (smfoke and f]og), now often used to describe air pollution in general (Fig. 3.5). Sulphur dioxide is fairly soluble so could dissolve into the water that condensed around smoke particles. 

Whytlaw-Gray, R., Cawood, W., and Patterson. H, S. (1936) Disperse Systems in Cases Dust, Smoke and Fog, A General Discussion of the Faraday Society, April 1936. 

Smog would come to define the essence of Los Angeles, but the city was a latecomer to it. The word was coined in London at the end of the nineteenth century to describe the mixture of coal smoke and fog that had plagued that city for centuries. It first gained wide circulation in 1905 when Henry des Voeux, an officer of the Coal Smoke Abatement Society, began to use it at scientific meetings.2... 

The first group consists of solid particles of inorganic and also liquid droplets (e.g. fog) all of which could be in the form of aerosols. Dust is a stable colloidal system containing more large particles than smokes and fogs. The concentra-... 

The word smog was coined to describe the combination of smoke and fog that shrouded London during the 1950s. The primary cause of this noxious cloud was sulfur dioxide. Today, however, we are more familiar with photochemical smog which is formed by the reactions of automobile exhaust in the presence of sunlight. 

As indnstriahzation increased over the next few hundred years, the burning of coal and wood prodneed some of the xmhealthiest air ever recorded. In some Enropean cities, hnndreds of deaths were blamed on episodes of excessive smoke and soot. London s air was especially filthy The mixture of smoke and fog (later termed smog ) was at times so thick that it affected visibility. As fittle was done to control the burning of coal, many cities in Europe, Asia, and the Americas suffered from poor air quafity. 

Stay upwind and uphill, away from liquids, mists, smoke, and fog. Bombs may be used to disperse chemical, biological, or radioactive materials. 

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