Small-angle scattering methods

Small-angle and wide-angle x-ray diffraction techniques have been reviewed in several articles and books [207-211]. 

Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) has been used to investigate the strue-ture of micelles and micellar phases [215-217]. 

Fontell and Lindman [218] investigated phase equilibria of two-component systems consisting of water and perfluorononanoic acid or its salts. S AXS showed liquid-crystalline regions in addition to regions of micellar solutions. The thickness of fluorocarbon layers in the liquid-crystalline region and the area per polar head group were estimated. 

Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) methods have been described in the literature [207,219,220], 

Hoffmann et al. [221,222] measured SANS of lithium perfluorooctanoate, diethylammonium perfluorononanoate, and tetraethylammonium perfluorooc-tanesulfonate micelles in D2O or in mixtures of D2O and H2O. The radii, micelle concentrations, and aggregation numbers were calculated. 

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Relative densities of extended defects were evaluated by X-Ray Small Angle Scattering method (SAXS) using Cu K radiation with a nickel filter and an amplitude analyzer [4,8] Mossbauer spectra of Fe (including experiments with oxides doped with this ion tracer) were acquired using an NF-640 spectrometer in the temperature range 298-4.2 K [7, 10]. 

Kinetics of Block Copolymer Micelles Studied by Small-Angle Scattering Methods... 

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