Small-angle x-ray scattering method

Lipfert, J., Herschlag, D., and Doniach, S. (2009). Riboswitch conformations revealed by small-angle X-ray scattering. Methods Mol. Biol. 540, 141—159. 

Although Pessen et al. (1971) used newly developed apparatus to improve the small-angle X-ray scattering method, they could not reproduce the differences found by Krigbaum and Kiigler (1970) and concluded that, except for a small difference in the extent of hydration, the two proteins have essentially identical macromolecular parameters. 

SAXS measurements. A whole range of problems relevant to the systems of interest could be solved by use of the small-angle X-ray scattering method. Dilute solutions of the hyperbranched polyethoxysiloxane, its trimethylsilyl derivative (a product of its blocking) and a silica sol (a product of hydrolytic condensation of the starting hyperbranched polyethoxysiloxane) were studied under conditions as specified above. The relevant results are presented in Fig. 5 and 6. 

Pilz, I., Glatter, 0., and Kratky, 0., 1979, Small angle X-ray scattering. Methods Enzymol., 61 148. 

Section 2 of this chapter describes the characterization of carbonaceous materials by powder X-ray diffraction, small-angle-X-ray scattering (SAXS), measurements of surface area, and by the carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen (CHN) test, a chemical analysis of composition. In this section, we also describe the electrochemical methods used to study carbonaceous materials. 

There are many ways to eharaeterize the strueture and properties of carbonaceous materials. Among these methods, powder X-ray diffraetion, small angle X-ray scattering, the BET surfaee area measurement, and the CHN test are most useful and are deseribed briefly here. To study lithium insertion in carbonaeeous materials, the eleetroehemieal lithium/earbon eoin eell is the most eonvenient test vehicle. 

In this case, the elements of the crosslinked structure exhibit higher mobility, the permeability of the crosslinked structure depends on the degree of hydration. It should be noted that the pore size in hydrated crosslinked copolymers is determined by small-angle X-ray scattering or with the aid of electron microscopy using special methods of preparation for the CP samples [15],... 

The thickness of the ordered crystalline regions, termed crystallite or lamellar thickness (Lc), is an important parameter for correlations with thermodynamic and physical properties. Lc and the distribution of lamellar thicknesses can be determined by different experimental methods, including thin-section TEM mentioned earlier, atomic force microscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering and analysis of the LAM in Raman spectroscopy. 

Application. Anomalous X-ray diffraction (AXRD), anomalous wide-angle X-ray scattering (AWAXS), and anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS) are scattering methods which are selective to chemical elements. The contrast of the selected element with respect to the other atoms in the material is enhanced. The phase problem of normal X-ray scattering can be resolved, and electron density maps can be computed. 

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